ࡱ>  prcdefghijklmno%` bjbjNN 8,,{X&&& 0 ~~~&NNN ' BBRZ \'0suuuuuu$%h'~nD"nDnD~~ tttnDT~~stnDstt1~~6 pSTN]Ed2 0 (c((~hWoZt &|E6)WWWntWWW nDnDnDnD'$?fUBd5'?fUt#&<tz~~~ Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Reports of Meetings of Experts and Equivalent Bodies Working Group on Tsunamis and Other Hazards Related to Sea-Level Warning and Mitigation Systems (TOWS-WG) Third Meeting Lisbon, Portugal 56 May 2010 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Reports of Meetings of Experts and Equivalent Bodies Working Group on Tsunamis and Other Hazards Related to Sea-Level Warning and Mitigation Systems (TOWS-WG) Third Meeting Lisbon, Portugal 5-6 May 2010 IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 Paris, 2 June 2010 Original: English( Table of contents  TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281657" EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  PAGEREF _Toc263281657 \h iii  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281658" Rsum excutif  PAGEREF _Toc263281658 \h v  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281659" Resumen dispositivo  PAGEREF _Toc263281659 \h viiI  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281660"  01>G55 @57N<5 IX  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281661" 1. Opening and Welcome  PAGEREF _Toc263281661 \h 1  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281662" 1.1 Opening AND WELCOME  PAGEREF _Toc263281662 \h 1  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281663" 1.2 Adoption of the agenda  PAGEREF _Toc263281663 \h 1  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281664" 1.3 Working arrangements  PAGEREF _Toc263281664 \h 1  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281665" 2. Reports from relevant bodies  PAGEREF _Toc263281665 \h 1  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281666" 2.1 Report from the IOC BODIES  PAGEREF _Toc263281666 \h 1  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281667" 2.2 Report OF NON IOC bodies  PAGEREF _Toc263281667 \h 3  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281668" 3. Review of progress  PAGEREF _Toc263281668 \h 3  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281669" 3.1 STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF IOC RES.XXV.13  PAGEREF _Toc263281669 \h 3  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281670" 3.2 REVIEW OF DRAFT WITH DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY ON HAZARDS, DISASTERS, VULNERABILITY AND RISKS  PAGEREF _Toc263281670 \h 4  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281671" 3.3 REVIEW OF THE IOC OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA EXCHANGE POLICY IOC RES. XXII-6  PAGEREF _Toc263281671 \h 4  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281672" 3.4 REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL TSUNAMETER PARTNERSHIP AND THE DBCP, IN COORDINATION WITH JCOMM, ON OCEAN OBSERVING PLATFORM VANDALISM  PAGEREF _Toc263281672 \h 5  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281673" 4. REPORTS OF THE INTER-ICG TASK TEAMS  PAGEREF _Toc263281673 \h 5  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281674" 5. OTHER ISSUES  PAGEREF _Toc263281674 \h 9  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281675" 5.1 MULTI-HAZARD APPROACH  PAGEREF _Toc263281675 \h 9  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281676" 5.2 IOC TSUNAMI UNIT: TRANSITION FROM CONSOLIDATION TO OPERATION  PAGEREF _Toc263281676 \h 9  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281677" 6. Date and Place of the Next Meeting  PAGEREF _Toc263281677 \h 11  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc263281678" 7. CLOSURE OF MEETING  PAGEREF _Toc263281678 \h 11  ANNEX I. AGENDA II DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF TERMS AND DEFINITIONS IN COASTAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION III TOWS TASK TEAMS AND REGIONAL ICG TWS WORKING GROUPS AND TASK TEAMS, MAY 2010 IV IOC TSUNAMI UNIT: TRANSITION FROM CONSOLIDATION TO OPERATION V LIST OF PARTICIPANTS VI LIST OF ACRONYMS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Third Meeting of the Working Group on Tsunamis and Other Hazards Related to Sea-Level Warning and Mitigation Systems (TOWS-WG-III) was held in Lisbon, Portugal, on 5-6 May 2010, hosted by the Portuguese Instituto de Meteorologia, under the chairmanship of Mr. Sang-Kyung Byun (IOC Vice-chairman). The meeting reviewed progress with respect to actions and decisions taken by the Governing Bodies, mainly through Resolution XXV-13. The group agreed that the performance and capacity of delivery of GTS for tsunami purposes needs to be addressed by WMO. The group agreed on the need of having the Compendium of Terms and Definitions in Coastal Disaster Risk Reduction as a self contained document that will include basic as well as specialized concepts to serve as a reference document. This decision implies including in it definitions for risk and vulnerability. It further agreed to recommend completing the document by December 2010 as a reachable target. Towards that end a clear timeline should be put forward and agreed by the Executive Council. The Group also recommended establishing a strong editorial team to guide the process and provide direct advice to the consultant. The group suggested that some other IOC and non-IOC communities be added to the reviewing process such as IP-HAB, ICAM, ISDR and ICG Working Groups. The group agreed to forward to the IOC 43rd Executive Council the Draft Compendium of Terms and Definitions in Coastal Disaster Risk Reduction (as in Annex II) recommending to launch a 10 months process that shall include: Request ICGs to review and comment on the draft Request WMO, ISDR and IOC bodies to provide comments on the draft Open consultations conducted with specifics communities or users groups The establishment of an editorial team, to be determined by TOWS-WG in consultation with the Secretariat, to prepare a final version for printing and translating. The group agreed that IOC should raise the data requirement at the policy level to demonstrate the need for real time data directly to governments, rather than at IOC governing bodies only. The group agreed to focus on real-time data, emphasizing that for tsunami warning timeliness is more important than precision or data quality. This could make it easier for some institutions to agree to share their data. The group agreed in respect of Tsunami related Data Exchange aspects to ask ICGs to provide sensitivity studies about data available/not available for tsunami warning systems within 3 months and establish a TOWS-WG Task Team to synthesize the results of the studies provided by the ICGs. The group also agreed to solicit from IODE a report on implementation of the IOC Oceanographic Data Policy indicating which data type is less or not fully exchanged, in particular on sea level. It further agreed to solicit from CTBTO to provide similar analysis for seismic data. The group recommended to raise to the highest levels the need for free data exchange for tsunami warning purposes, through bilateral meetings or when and if possible by IOC Executive Secretary, based on the above requested documentation yet to be developed. The group recommended that IOC heighten its advocacy for real time data exchange in order to confirm as soon as possible that a tsunami is generated or not so that member states can save lives. The tsunami centres should receive and process these data in real time to measure the tsunami waves amplitude. No automatic quality control is required from the data provider or at the tide station. The absolute value is not required to detect a tsunami, but relative fast variations of signal. The group agreed that the Task Team on Sea Level should look at the ICGs Implementation Plans to guide them on how to design the systems. It should also look into maintenance issues. The Task Team should characterize how and with which criteria the core networks are designed in each TWS. The group also agreed that all data from the core network of sea level stations should be available to all members, in compliance of the IOC Data Exchange Policy. The group agreed to recommend a joint meeting of Inter-ICG Task Teams in the second half of 2010, preferably in September, with India and USA as potential hosts, pending definition of dates and funding arrangements, in coordination with the Secretariat. The Secretariat was requested to circulate information on WMO/CBS evaluation process. The group agreed to reaffirm the value of a multi-hazard approach to maintaining a vital tsunami warning system at local, national and regional levels. Rsum excutif La troisime runion du Groupe de travail sur les systmes d'alerte aux tsunamis et aux autres alas lis au niveau de la mer, et de mitigation (TOWS-WG-III) sest tenue Lisbonne (Portugal) les 5 et 6 mai 2010 ; elle a t accueillie par lInstitut portugais de mtorologie, sous la prsidence de M. Sang-Kyung Byun (Vice-Prsident de la COI). Les participants ont pass en revue les progrs accomplis quant aux mesures et dcisions prises par les organes directeurs, essentiellement par la rsolution XXV-13. Le Groupe de travail a estim dun commun accord quil fallait que la performance et la capacit de transmission du SMT en ce qui concerne les tsunamis soient examines par lOMM. Le Groupe de travail a reconnu la ncessit que le Compendium of Definitions and Terminology on Hazards, Disasters, Vulnerability and Risks in a Coastal Context (Recueil de dfinitions et de terminologie sur les alas, les catastrophes, la vulnrabilit et les risques dans les milieux ctiers) soit un document complet en soi, incluant des notions de base et des notions spcialises, et capable de servir de document de rfrence. Cette dcision implique dy intgrer une dfinition des risques et de la vulnrabilit. En outre, le Groupe de travail a dcid de recommander que le document soit achev en dcembre 2010, jugeant cette date raliste. cette fin, il faudrait quun chancier clair soit propos et accept par le Conseil excutif. Le Groupe de travail a galement recommand de mettre sur pied une solide quipe ditoriale charge de diriger le processus et de fournir directement des avis au consultant. Le Groupe de travail a propos que dautres entits faisant ou non partie de la COI, telles que lIPHAB, lICAM, la SIPC et les groupes de travail du GIC, soient associes au processus dexamen. Le Groupe de travail est convenu de transmettre au Conseil excutif de la COI, sa 43esession, le Projet de recueil de dfinitions et de terminologie sur les alas, les catastrophes, la vulnrabilit et les risques dans les milieux ctiers (tel quil figure lAnnexe II), recommandant de lancer un processus de dix mois incluant les actions suivantes : demander aux GIC dexaminer le projet et de formuler des observations ce sujet ; demander aux organes de lOMM, de la SIPC et de la COI de formuler des observations sur le projet ; mener des consultations ouvertes avec des communauts ou groupes dutilisateurs spcifiques ; mettre en place une quipe ditoriale, dont la composition serait fixe par le TOWS-WG en consultation avec le Secrtariat, en vue dlaborer une version finale pour impression et traduction. Le Groupe de travail a reconnu que la COI devrait lever le critre des donnes au niveau stratgique afin de dmontrer la ncessit de fournir des donnes en temps rel directement aux gouvernements, plutt quau niveau des organes directeurs de la COI seulement. Le Groupe de travail a dcid dun commun accord de mettre laccent sur les donnes en temps rel, soulignant quen matire dalerte aux tsunamis, la rapidit tait plus importante que la prcision ou la qualit des donnes. Cela pourrait aider certaines institutions accepter de partager les donnes dont elles disposent. Le Groupe de travail a dcid, en ce qui concerne les questions dchange de donnes relatives aux tsunamis, de demander aux GIC de fournir des analyses de sensibilit quant aux donnes disponibles/non disponibles pour les systmes dalerte aux tsunamis dans un dlai de trois mois et de mettre en place une quipe spciale du TOWS-WG charge dlaborer une synthse des conclusions des analyses fournies par les GIC. Le Groupe de travail a galement dcid de demander lIODE un rapport sur la mise en uvre de la Politique de la COI en matire d'change de donnes ocanographiques indiquant quel type de donnes est moins ou pas pleinement chang, en particulier en ce qui concerne le niveau de la mer. Il a en outre dcid de demander lOTICE de fournir une analyse similaire pour les donnes sismiques. Le Groupe de travail a recommand de faire savoir au plus haut niveau quil est ncessaire, pour lalerte aux tsunamis, dchanger gratuitement les donnes par le biais de runions bilatrales ou, dans la mesure du possible, de la Secrtaire excutive de la COI, sur la base des documents demands ci-dessus, qui doivent encore tre labors. Le Groupe de travail a recommand que la COI renforce ses activits de promotion des changes de donnes en temps rel destins confirmer ds que possible quun tsunami est en formation ou non, afin de permettre aux tats membres de sauver des vies. Il faudrait que les centres sur les tsunamis reoivent et traitent ces donnes en temps rel pour mesurer lamplitude de la vague de tsunami. Aucun contrle automatique de la qualit nest requis du fournisseur des donnes ou la station margraphique. Ce qui est ncessaire, pour dtecter un tsunami, ce nest pas la valeur absolue, mais les variations relatives rapides du signal. Le Groupe de travail a reconnu quil faudrait que lquipe spciale inter-GIC sur le niveau de la mer des fins relatives aux tsunamis examine les plans de mise en uvre des GIC afin dorienter ces derniers sur la faon de concevoir les systmes. Il faudrait galement quelle se penche sur les questions de maintenance, et quelle dtermine la faon dont les rseaux de base sont conus dans chaque TWS et selon quels critres. Le Groupe de travail a galement reconnu quil faudrait que toutes les donnes issues du rseau de base de stations dobservation du niveau de la mer soient mises la disposition de tous les membres, conformment la Politique de la COI en matire d'change de donnes ocanographiques. Le Groupe de travail a dcid de recommander la tenue dune runion conjointe des quipes spciales inter-GIC au cours du second semestre 2010, de prfrence en septembre, ventuellement en Inde ou aux tats-Unis, en attendant que la date et les modalits de financement de la runion soient arrtes, en coordination avec le Secrtariat. Ce dernier a t pri de diffuser des informations concernant le processus dvaluation de lOMM/CSB. Le Groupe de travail a dcid de raffirmer lintrt dune approche multi-alas pour le maintien dun systme dalerte aux tsunamis vital aux niveaux local, national et rgional. Resumen dispositivo La tercera reunin del Grupo de trabajo sobre sistemas de alerta contra tsunamis y otros peligros relacionados con el nivel del mar y atenuacin de sus efectos (TOWS-WG III) se celebr en Lisboa (Portugal), los das 5 y 6 de mayo de 2010, en la sede del Instituto de Meteorologa de Portugal, bajo la presidencia del Sr. Sang-Kyung Byun (Vicepresidente de la COI). En la reunin se examinaron los progresos realizados con respecto a las iniciativas y decisiones tomadas por los rganos rectores, particularmente en virtud de la Resolucin XXV-13. El Grupo acord que es necesario que la Organizacin Meteorolgica Mundial (OMM) aborde la cuestin del funcionamiento y la capacidad de ejecucin del Sistema Mundial de Telecomunicacin (SMT) en relacin con los tsunamis. El Grupo convino en la necesidad de disponer de un compendio de terminologa y definiciones en materia de reduccin de los riesgos de desastre en las zonas costeras en forma de documento independiente, que incluya conceptos bsicos y especializados y sirva de documento de referencia. Esta decisin supone que en ese documento figuren las definiciones de riesgo y vulnerabilidad. El Grupo estuvo de acuerdo tambin en recomendar que ese documento se finalizara a ms tardar en diciembre de 2010, lo que constituye un objetivo accesible. A fin de cumplirlo, habra que establecer un calendario claro y someterlo a la aprobacin del Consejo Ejecutivo. El Grupo recomend asimismo la creacin de un slido equipo editorial para orientar el proceso y facilitar asesoramiento directo al consultor. El Grupo sugiri que otros rganos, que formen parte o no de la COI, se incorporaran al proceso de examen, tales como el IPHAB, el ICAM, la EIRD y los Equipos de trabajo de los ICG (Grupos Intergubernamentales de Coordinacin). El Grupo acord remitir a la 43 reunin del Consejo Ejecutivo de la COI el proyecto de compendio de terminologa y definiciones en materia de reduccin de los riesgos de desastres en las zonas costeras (tal como figura en el Anexo II), con la recomendacin de que se inicie un proceso de 10 meses que debe comprender las siguientes medidas: % Pedir a los ICG que examinen el proyecto y formulen comentarios al respecto. % Pedir que la OMM, la EIRD y los rganos de la COI formulen comentarios al respecto. % Organizar consultas abiertas que se realizaran con comunidades o grupos de usuarios especficos. % Crear un equipo editorial, que ser definido por el TOWS-WG en consulta con la Secretara, a fin de preparar la versin final para su impresin y traduccin. El Grupo acord que la COI debe promover el intercambio de datos al nivel de la formulacin de polticas a fin de demostrar directamente a los gobiernos la necesidad de disponer de datos en tiempo real, en vez de hacerlo nicamente ante los rganos rectores de la COI. El Grupo acord centrarse en los datos en tiempo real, haciendo hincapi en que a efectos de las alertas contra los tsunamis la celeridad es ms importante que la precisin o la calidad de los datos. Esta decisin podra propiciar que determinadas instituciones accedieran a compartir sus datos. El Grupo acord, por lo que respecta a determinados aspectos del intercambio de datos relativos a los tsunamis, pedir a los ICG que en un plazo de tres meses aportaran estudios acerca del grado de precisin de los datos disponibles y los no disponibles para los sistemas de alerta contra tsunamis, y que crearan un Equipo Especial del TOWS-WG para resumir los resultados de los estudios facilitados por los ICG. El Grupo acord tambin solicitar al IODE un informe sobre la ejecucin de la poltica de la COI relativa a los datos oceanogrficos, en el que se indicara qu tipos de datos se intercambian menos o no se intercambian completamente, en particular en lo relativo al nivel del mar. El Grupo acord tambin pedir a la Organizacin del Tratado de Prohibicin Completa de los Ensayos Nucleares (OTPCEN) que facilitara un anlisis similar para los datos ssmicos. El Grupo recomend que se planteara en los niveles ms altos posibles la necesidad del libre intercambio de datos a los efectos de las alertas contra tsunamis, mediante reuniones bilaterales o, cuando y si fuere factible, con la intervencin de la Secretaria Ejecutiva de la COI, sobre la base de la documentacin pedida supra y que est pendiente de elaboracin. El Grupo recomend que la COI intensificara su promocin del intercambio de datos en tiempo real a fin de que se pudiera confirmar cuanto antes si se genera o no un tsunami, demodo que los Estados Miembros lograran salvar vidas. Los centros sobre tsunamis deberan recibir y procesar esos datos en tiempo real para medir la amplitud de la ola del tsunami. No se exige ningn control de calidad automtico por parte del proveedor de datos o en la estacin mareogrfica. No se necesita el valor absoluto para detectar un tsunami, sino variaciones relativamente rpidas de la seal. El Grupo convino en que el Equipo de trabajo sobre el nivel del mar debera examinar los planes de implementacin de los ICG para orientar a stos con respecto a la manera de concebir los sistemas. Tambin debera ocuparse de las cuestiones de mantenimiento. El Equipo de trabajo debera determinar cmo y segn qu criterios deben disearse las redes bsicas dentro de cada sistema de alerta contra tsunamis. El Grupo acord adems que todos los datos procedentes de la red bsica de estaciones de medicin del nivel del mar deban estar a disposicin de todos los miembros, de conformidad con la Poltica de Intercambio de Datos Oceanogrficos de la COI. El Grupo recomend que se celebrara una reunin conjunta de los equipos de trabajo de los ICG en el segundo semestre de 2010, preferiblemente en septiembre, posiblemente con los Estados Unidos de Amrica o la India como anfitriones, una vez que se definieran las fechas y las modalidades de financiacin, en coordinacin con la Secretara. Se pidi a la Secretara que distribuyera informacin sobre el proceso de evaluacin de la Comisin de Sistemas Bsicos (CSB) de la OMM. 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Opening and Welcome Opening AND WELCOME The Chair of TOWS-WG, MrSang-Kyung Byun opened the meeting of TOWS-III. He thanked the Government of Portugal and the Instituto de Meteorologia for hosting the meeting. He recalled Res. XXV.13 that requested several specific products and results from TOWS-WG. In particular he highlighted the product Definitions and Terminology on Hazards, Disasters, Vulnerability and Risks as well as the work to be done on the IOC Data Exchange Policy. Adoption of the agenda Agenda was adopted as indicated in Annex I. During the meeting it was agreed to add a new item 5 to include a discussion on the multi-hazard approach and the IOC Tsunami Programme strategy. Working arrangements MrFernando Carrillo, Head of Seismology Department, Instituto de Meteorologia, Portugal, welcomed the participants on behalf of the hosting country, and provided logistic details. The list of participants is provided in Annex V. Reports from relevant bodies Report from the IOC BODIES DrFrancois Schindel, Chairperson of the ICG/NEAMTWS reported on the status of ICG/NEAMTWS. He listed the four Working Groups and Task Teams, briefly introducing the work of the Task Team on Regional Tsunami Warning System Architecture and the newly established Task Team on Communication Test Exercises. He recalled that NEAMTWS does not have a regional warning centre in place but operational seismic and sea level networks. He indicated that Member States monitoring or warning centres will initiate communicating tests as from June 2010. France has indicated that by mid 2012 it would be able to initiate tsunami national warning centre operations. DrLorna Inniss, Chairperson of the ICG/CARIBE EWS reported that the 12th January Haiti earthquake and tsunami had a strong influence on the ICG/CARIBE EWS-V meeting in Managua, 15-17 March 2010. She indicated that the Caribbean is progressing towards the establishment of a tsunami warning centre with the USA having a phased approach to decide if it creates a Caribbean Tsunami Warning Center in Puerto Rico, USA. ICG/CARIBE EWS is also close to initiate operations of a Caribbean Tsunami Information Center (CTIC) funded by Italy and in cooperation with Italy and UNDP. The Implementation Plan is been accomplished and is currently under an updating process. DrInniss indicated that the ICG/CARIBE EWS decided at its last meeting to develop a CARIBE WAVE 2011 Exercise coordinated with the USA LANTEX exercise on 23rd March 2011. It also decided that communications tests will be run on a monthly basis. Noting that communications challenges were common across multiple ICGs, one TOWS WG member noted the potential value of enhanced and more frequent communications tests in all ICGs. MrTony Elliott, Head ICG/IOTWS Secretariat reported on behalf of DrJan Sopaheluwakan, Chairperson of ICG/IOTWS, who was unable to attend due to logistic problems. He reported that the ICG/IOTWS-VII was held in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, 1416 April 2010. Main activities in the year have consisted of several trainings and the IOWave09 Exercise. A restructuring of Working Groups reduced these to three groups encompassing the general structure other ICGs have adopted. A new development of ICG/IOTWS is that it is preparing to expand its role to cover other sea-level related hazards. He reported that public awareness campaigns are envisaged to create awareness about the need of protecting monitoring equipments and devices that help saving lives. Building on the Risk Assessment Guidelines (IOC Manual and Guides No. 52) the ICG/IOTWS has put in place several training activities to support its application. TOWS-WG members exchanged views on the need or not for graphics and maps for warning services. There are different approaches in NEAMTWS with respect to the IOTWS and with respect to PTWS. At national and local level maps are indeed very important while communication among regional centres and national entities are more possibly based only on data and non graphical information. MrPeter Koltermann, Head of the Tsunami Unit (TSU) reported on behalf of the chair of the ICG/PTWS. He indicated that technical working groups lack membership. On the other hand, regional subgroups have been very active, with several trainings and workshops taking place in 2010. DrFrancois Schindel (also Chairman of PTWS Working Group 2) provided additional comments on He indicated that technical working groups may need to have stronger links and joint work with regional working groups. MrTom Gross, IOC GOOS staff reported on the status of the IOC/GOOS Programme, its contributions to Tsunami Warning Systems through the GLOSS programme and indicated that regional GOOS Regional Alliances (GRA) will be meeting alongside the EuroGOOS conference Oct. 37, 2011 in Sopot, Poland. TOWS-WG members commented that perhaps GOOS Regional Alliances could approach a larger community than the ICGs and could help discuss the tsunami issues within a broader coastal hazards framework. The GRAs should be contacted and encouraged to participate in ICG meetings and activities. MrPeter Koltermann, Head TSU, reported on the JCOMM/DBCP-ITP group that met in Paris in September 2009 and discussed the issue of vandalism on ocean observing systems with relevance to saving lives. He also informed the group that the UN General Assembly discussed these issues and approved two resolutions: UNGA A/64/L.18 that expressed concern at the intentional or unintentional damage to platforms used for ocean observation and marine scientific research, such as moored buoys and tsunameters, and urged States to take necessary action and to cooperate in relevant organizations, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and the World Meteorological Organization, to address such damage, and UNGA A/64/L.29 that calls upon States and regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements, working in cooperation with other relevant organizations, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, and the World Meteorological Organization, to adopt, as appropriate, measures to protect ocean data buoy systems moored in areas beyond national jurisdiction from actions that impair their operation MrRussell Arthurton, chair of the NEAMTWS Working Group on Advisory, Mitigation and Public Awareness reported that ICAM working with TSU has developed Manuals and Guides 50 ICAM Dossiers 5, Hazard awareness and risk mitigation in Integrated Coastal Area Management. Mr Arthurton drew attention to the multi-hazard scope of these guidelines. The group requested information on the status of the planned JCOMM Guide to Storm Surge Forecasting. Mr. Edgard Cabrera Chief, Ocean Affairs Division, World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reported that the guide is presently in the final stages of peer review, which should be completed very soon and then printed. Report OF NON IOC bodies MrSpiro Spiliopoulos from the Preparatory Commission for the CTBTO reported that the CTBTO is currently contributing data from close to 40 stations, representing two of the four CTBT verification technologies (seismic and hydroacoustic), to regional tsunami warning centres in Japan and the United States (Alaska and Hawaii), and to national tsunami warning centres in Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand. Sri Lanka has recently formalised the agreement to receive CTBTO data and it is expected that data will soon be forwarded to them. To consolidate the cooperation between UNESCO and CTBTO an agreement was signed in February 2010, focusing on training and capacity building cooperation. Two workshops will take place soon, in Canberra, Australia with countries from the South West Pacific and South-East Asia and the participation of the IOC Tsunami Unit. Another workshop will take place in Vienna, Austria, in the second half of 2010 that will include hardware and software training with funding for participants from Chile and Haiti. MrEdgard Cabrera, Chief, Ocean Affairs Division, World Meteorological Organization(WMO) provided a report covering aspects related to the WSIS project (former GTS) and training and workshops in the area of early warning, storm surges and multi-hazards implemented by WMO in several areas of the world, and a planned workshop for the Caribbean on Storm Surge. The outline of the Caribbean project and workshop will be discussed with the ICG/CARIBE EWS Chair and Technical Secretariat. ICG/NEAMTWS Chair requested clarifications on the status of GTS in WMO Region VI and the definition of headers for tsunami products as well as the use of GTS for sea level data in Mediterranean and North East Atlantic which has technical difficulties as only 10 stations could be accommodated with 6 minutes transmission while the need of slots is for over 100 stations. A similar note was made by Chair ICG/CARIBE EWS. The group agreed that the performance and capacity of delivery of GTS for tsunami purposes needs to be addressed by WMO. Review of progress STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF IOC RES.XXV.13 MrPeter Koltermann, Head TSU, reported that in fulfilment of instructions given to the Secretariat through Res. XXV-13 the Executive Secretary has succeeded to get IOC to become a member of the ICSU/IASPEI Tsunami Commission which is the most relevant scientific body for tsunami research. With respect to data availability from international seismic networks UNESCO has already signed an agreement with CTBTO and is pursuing a similar arrangement with IRIS. The Secretariat has worked to get the Inter-ICG Task Teams constituted and running and has hired consultants to redesign the IOC Tsunami website and to develop the Draft definitions and terminology on hazards, disasters, vulnerability and risks that will be revised by the group under item 3.2. Members of TOWS-WG were informed of the status of decline in IOC financial support to mapping programmes in IOC that in terms of funding has been decreasing consistently through the past two biennia. REVIEW OF DRAFT WITH DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY ON HAZARDS, DISASTERS, VULNERABILITY AND RISKS MrPeter Koltermann, Head of TSU, introduced this item and commented on the partnership built with UNU which has the academic experience and expertise required to help guiding the process. He introduced the first draft Compendium of Terms and Definitions in Coastal Disaster Risk Reduction (Compendium) produced with the support of a consultant. The first draft is available in Annex II. The group discussed the options to further develop and finalize the document. The group agreed on the need of having the Compendium of Terms and Definitions in Coastal Disaster Risk Reduction as a self contained document that will include basic as well as specialized concepts to serve as a reference document. This decision implies including in it definitions for risk and vulnerability. It further agreed to recommend completing the document by December 2010 as a reachable target. Towards that end a clear timeline should be put forward and agreed by the Executive Council. The Group also recommended establishing a strong editorial team to guide the process and provide direct advice to the Consultant. The group suggested that some other IOC and non-IOC communities be added to the reviewing process such as IP-HAB, ICAM, ISDR and ICG Working Groups. The group agreed to forward to the IOC 43rd Executive Council the Draft Compendium of Terms and Definitions in Coastal Disaster Risk Reduction (as in Annex II) recommending to launch a 10 months process that shall include: Request ICGs to review and comment on the draft Request WMO, ISDR and IOC bodies to provide comments on the draft Open consultations conducted with specifics communities or users groups The establishment of an editorial team, to be determined by TOWS-WG in consultation with the Secretariat, to prepare a final version for printing and translating. REVIEW OF THE IOC OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA EXCHANGE POLICY IOC RES. XXII-6 MrPeter Koltermann, Head TSU, introduced this item indicating that the discussions in some ICGs have revealed that sharing data is not a fully accomplished target, at least for tsunami warning related data, in terms of access, latency and quality. Bearing in mind the instruction contained in IOC Resolution XXV-13, the Secretariat requested the IODE Office to provide a background document for TOWS-III, which was made available to TOWS-WG members. The group exchanged views on the role of the IOC Oceanographic Data Exchange Policy, and agreed that all ICGs have several examples whereby not all data necessary for tsunami warning is actually freely accessible or transmitted as fast as required for tsunami detection and forecast calculation. The group agreed that IOC should raise the data requirement at the policy level to demonstrate the need for real time data directly to governments, rather than at IOC governing bodies only. It was suggested that the TOWS WG should ask the ICGs to provide information on sensitivity analyses on the impact of data gaps on the impact on the detection and the forecast timeliness and its accuracy that have been done, so that this can be used to compile a single document to demonstrate the problem. The group agreed to focus on real-time data, emphasizing that for tsunami warning timeliness is more important than precision or data quality. This could make it easier for some institutions to agree to share their data. The group agreed in respect of Tsunami related Data Exchange aspects to ask ICGs to provide sensitivity studies about data available/not available for tsunami warning systems within 3 months and establish a TOWS-WG Task Team to synthesize the results of the studies provided by the ICGs. The group also agreed to solicit from IODE a report on implementation of the IOC Oceanographic Data Policy indicating which data type is less or not fully exchanged, in particular on sea level. It further agreed to solicit from CTBTO to provide similar analysis for seismic data. The group recommended to raise to the highest levels the need for free data exchange for tsunami warning purposes, through bilateral meetings or when and if possible by IOC Executive Secretary, based on the above requested documentation yet to be developed. The group recommended that IOC heighten its advocacy for real time data exchange in order to confirm as soon as possible that a tsunami is generated or not so that member states can save lives. The tsunami centres should receive and process these data in real time to measure the tsunami waves amplitude. No automatic quality control is required from the data provider or at the tide station. The absolute value is not required to detect a tsunami, but relative fast variations of signal. REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL TSUNAMETER PARTNERSHIP AND THE DBCP, IN COORDINATION WITH JCOMM, ON OCEAN OBSERVING PLATFORM VANDALISM The Secretariat reported that the report is not yet available despite several reminders. MrArthur Paterson (USA) recalled that the U.S. annual voluntary contribution allocated funding to hire support needed to produce the requested document on a timely basis. The report requested from JCOMM/DBCP will provide a persuasive rationale for regional fishery management organizations (RFMOs) and FAOs Committee on Fisheries to take appropriate action to minimize intentional or unintentional damage to ocean data buoy systems from actions that impair their operation. Mr. Paterson cited the recent action of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission to establish conservation and management measures on prohibition on fishing around data buoys. The Secretariat committed to coordinate internally to make the document available in August/September 2010 at the latest. REPORTS OF THE INTER-ICG TASK TEAMS Sea Level Task Team Report DrBegoa Perez Gomez presented a report on behalf of the Task Team Chairperson, Mr Rick Bailey. She noted that the Task Team had only started exchanging information in April and has not been able to complete a report yet. The report will cover: data requirements; network design; station siting; data exchange formats; real time reporting requirements; formats; latency; QA; performance monitoring etc. Implementation plans, Working Groups reports, Manuals and Guides, national reports and guides will be used as references. The Task Team plans to finish the report by December 2010. MrPeter Koltermann enquired what were the biggest problems the Task Team foresaw? Ms Perez Gomez replied that access to some of the stations was limited, for technical or security reasons. Data latency is also a problem with many stations. DrLorna Inniss asked what was the mode of communication between the Task Team and the ICGs? MrPeter Koltermann commented that as ICG chairs nominated the Task Team members, they should have the confidence of their ICGs. MrTony Elliott, Head IOTWS Secretariat, noted that all Task Teams had taken the opportunity to provide briefings at ICG/IOTWS-VII. DrInniss enquired if all ICGs had a core network design. DrFrancois Schindel commented that the concept of a core network could be misleading; the important aspect is to have as many sea level gauges as possible, with denser networks close to source zones. MrPeter Koltermann commented that tide gauges in the past have been installed pragmatically and opportunistically. But this is not a good design basis for a core network. GLOSS is looking into prioritizing station locations, based on practical issues. MrSrinivas Kumar, Chairperson of the Task Team on the Tsunami Watch Operations, commented that at least the core network data should be shared. MrArthur Paterson commented that the core system design should include redundancy to take into account station failures and maintenance issues. DrFrancois Schindel commented that there should be a denser network near to tsunami sources, where double transmission link are recommended (included GTS) to provide redundancy. He suggested differentiating alert stations and confirmation stations. MrTony Elliott noted that the IOTWS core networks were originally defined in 2005, but have evolved since due to the dynamic nature of the network design. MrPeter Koltermann noted that historically GLOSS had introduced the concept of a core network for establishing sea level datums, but this is not so relevant now as we have GPS. The group agreed that the Task Team on Sea Level should look at the ICGs Implementation Plans to guide them on how to design the systems. It should also look into maintenance issues. The Task Team should characterize how and with which criteria the core networks are designed in each TWS. The group also agreed that all data from the core network of sea level stations should be available to all members, in compliance of the IOC Data Exchange Policy. DrLorna Inniss asked about coordination of sea level gauges in Haiti as too many stations would be unmanageable. Mr. Koltermann reported that 3-4 sites have been discussed by GLOSS, which needs to be kept informed so that it can coordinate. MrEdgar Cabrera noted that WMO will coordinate with IOC on sea level issues while helping to rebuild met services in Haiti. Disaster Management and Preparedness Task Team Report: Ms Irina Rafliana reported on the activities of the Task Team. The Task Team had communicated through email and had taken stock of what has been achieved by the ICGs. She considered that face to face meetings were very important and perhaps in 2nd half of 2010 a meeting could be arranged. MsRafliana listed some of the achievements in the IOTWS and PTWS, NEAMTWS and CARIBE-EWS. Many awareness materials have already been prepared. Guidelines on Tsunami Risk Assessment and Mitigation for the Indian Ocean have been published. Also, a number of earthquake events have occurred recently that we can learn from, for example in Samoa, Padang, Haiti and Chile. She shared information on a GTZ report on the 30 September 2009 earthquake in Padang: Working Document No. 25, Case Study 30 Minutes in the City of Padang: Lessons for Tsunami Preparedness and Early Warning from the Earthquake on September 30, 2009. MsRafliana indicated that gaps and deficiencies are difficult to define completely now and more time is needed for the Task Team to meet and discuss these issues. She noted that measurement of preparedness needs to be defined. She also indicated that how to engage media needs to be considered. She also indicated the need to engage media to be considered. Some earthquake and tsunami cases had reflected critical roles of media in warning dissemination. A standard protocol is therefore important, but, international media would not want SOPs imposed on them. Institutional capacity and resources need to be improved. There is a need to ensure understanding of RTWP products and towards that end the Task Team would require to liaise with other Task Teams. Looking at the Terms of Reference for the Task Team in the context of the ICG Terms of Reference, MrRussell Arthurton noted that mismatches in the respective ICG Working Groups Terms of Reference created problems of comparability. MrArthurton submitted a diagram showing the different Working Groups and Task Teams under each ICG and TOWS-WG that is available under Annex III. MrKoltermann clarified that ICGs were primary subsidiary bodies, and that their Member States could decide their own programmes. Noting that this is a fact, Mr. Arthurton indicated that ICGs should recognize the problem. Ms. Rafliana thought that it was important to be inclusive and would not recommend changing the report until after a meeting with the Task Team members. Peter Koltermann noted that there is no Global TWS but 4 regional TWS providing global cover. This was explicitly decided by member states through the IOC. Therefore the TOWS-WG was set up as a WG by the Assembly, reporting directly to the IOC Assembly, to avoid fragmentation. MrTony Elliott enquired about the metrics for measurement of preparedness. Ms. Rafliana described some tools for assessment of preparedness including the UNESCO-ISDR-Indonesia Preparedness Assessment Framework, and the US concept of TsunamiReady that is used to assess tsunami preparedness of local communities. MrBernardo Aliaga, Technical Secretary ICG/CARIBE-EWS, commented that CARIBE-EWS had looked into the concept and several countries have enquired about the possibility of using the same concept of TsunamiReady outside the US territories in the Caribbean. The US had started to explore the options and may be exploring in the near future its use in the framework of the intergovernmental coordination provided by UNESCOs Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. MsRafliana noted that at least in the Indian Ocean there would be some resistance to certification processes, as the bottom-up approach are more preferred. She would rather leave it to local governments to decide on readiness. TOWS-WG may provide guiding recommendations. MrArthur Paterson noted that in US the TsunamiReady programme, which was adapted from the StormReady programme, is implemented at the local level, designed to help cities, towns, counties, universities and other large sites in coastal areas reduce the potential for disastrous tsunami-related consequences. MrPeter Koltermann suggested that interested Caribbean member states could explore piloting the TsunamiReady approach. He further noted that with respect to the accepted ISO signage TsunamiReady could consider complying with ISO standards. Tsunami Watch Operations Task Team Report: MrSrinivas Kumar, Chairperson of the Task Team on the Tsunami Watch Operations presented an activity report. He summarized the history of the Regional Tsunami Watch Providers (RTWPs) process in the IOTWS and then the global level. He had obtained input from the ICGs to capture information on the present status of warning centres. An informal meeting had been held in Banda Aceh on the sidelines of the ICG/IOTWS-VII. The Task Team had looked at products, terminology, criteria for RTWP, performance indicators. Areas of Responsibility and current products for each region were also documented. Mr. Kumar described Service Levels in the Indian Ocean. The Task Team had looked into and documented different terminology in each region. Future terminology will also need to be documented. Capability requirements were also documented showing that most basins have similar requirements. With respect to the mechanisms for judging performance of RTWPs, MrKumar indicated that this is a controversial issue. In IOTWS there is soft judgement by peers, but there is a need to look at this on a global level. The Task Team needs more time to come up with specific recommendations. The report submitted to this meeting is a status report, but further inputs from ICGs are needed followed by a meeting, preferably with other Task Teams. MrKumar noted that the report would be completed by the end of 2010 for final submission in April 2011. The Task Team at this stage of work is recommending that a perpetual body should be created with representatives from all the ICGs to oversee terminology and standards. Its terms of reference should include procedures for monitoring and evaluation. MsIrina Rafliana underlined the importance of interaction between Task Teams. She fully supported a joint meeting of the Task Teams to discuss these issues. MrPeter Koltermann, Head of TSU, noted that certification was a sensitive issue. There is a difference between national (NTWCs) and regional (RTWPs) warning centers. For RTWPs, IOC needs to try to ascertain that standards are met. There needs to be a discussion of performance indicators. He commented that the WMO model for hurricane centres could be considered but that would take time. The definition of Areas of Responsibility is a key issue because there is no national mandate for this. MrPeter Koltermann also commented on training and documentation. The PTWS Users Guide was not available yet. It is still in draft and needs to be finalized and published. This would be useful for the other regions. Mr. Arthur Paterson confirmed that USA was working on completing the manual. He enquired how WMO reviewed performance of any particular centre in a system? MrEdgard Cabrera commented that reviews are carried out by CBS Commission of Basic Systems and that evaluation is internal. He further indicated that WMOs documentation on this process is available and can be shared with the Task Team. He will provide the Secretariat with the relevant documentation. The group agreed to recommend a joint meeting of Inter-ICG Task Teams in the second half of 2010, preferably in September, with India and USA as potential hosts, pending definition of dates and funding arrangements, in coordination with the Secretariat. The Secretariat was requested to circulate information on WMO/CBS evaluation process. OTHER ISSUES MULTI-HAZARD APPROACH Mr Russell Arthurton commented that, while it was understandable that the focus of this meeting was on the tsunami hazard, it was important to take other marine hazards into account, as required in the TOWS Working Group Terms of Reference. In response, the group discussed and exchanged information on the activities that ICGs are implementing towards the multi-hazard approach. DrLorna Inniss reported that the ICG/CARIBE-EWS is using the multi-hazard approach in practical terms and coordinating as much as possible throughout the national emergency management systems, including preparedness and awareness for several coastal hazards and putting it into CTICs Terms of Reference. MrTony Elliott noted that the ICG/IOTWS had included reference to multi-hazard approaches and frameworks within the Terms of Reference of the newly created Working Groups. MrSrinivas Kumar, Chairperson of the Task Team on the Tsunami Watch Operations referred to the Indian experience that puts the multi-hazard aspect as a matter of sustainability for the national tsunami warning system. Russell Arthurton stressed the importance of multi-hazard approach including storm surge on practical and national levels MrArthur Paterson noted that the existing and growing joint IOC-WMO partnership in JCOMM is an exemplary of the current multi-hazard approach. The group agreed to reaffirm the value of a multi-hazard approach to maintaining a vital tsunami warning system at local, national and regional levels. IOC TSUNAMI UNIT: TRANSITION FROM CONSOLIDATION TO OPERATION On the request of the USA representative, MrArthur Paterson, MrPeter Koltermann briefed the group on the strategy of the TSU transition from consolidation to operation. A summary of his presentation is provided in Annex IV. He described the basic programmatic elements that guide over biennial and medium term the Tsunami elements of the IOC Programme. He then recalled the legal UN framework including UN GA Resolutions UN61/132 and UN62/91 that provide the mandate to support and coordinate the Indian Ocean tsunami warning system. He noted that IOCs tsunami activities are designed and structured as a coordination framework for supporting the Intergovernmental Coordination Groups responsible for each Tsunami Warning System rather than as a scientific programme. The ICGs have been set up as primary subsidiary bodies of the IOC, directly reporting to the IOC Assembly. This support is a binding commitment of the Secretariat that requires staff to coordinate, organize, run and report on ICG meetings, and coordinate the development and production of reference documents and standards for tsunami operational activities. The workplan of the Tsunami Unit is largely influenced by the decisions of the ICGs and the required documentation, in particular the Implementation Plan of each ICG. More recently there are increased requests for assessment missions to support member states and provide technical assistance in the establishment and development of national tsunami warning centers and systems. The ICGs are structured along ocean regions and the support provided is preferably located in the region. In addition to the ICGs basic secretariat, the Tsunami Information Centers (TICs) for each TWS add a different thrust with additional complexities given the interaction of these Centers with multiple countries/language groups/communities. They provide globally consistent and regionally relevant, i.e. culturally and language-adapted, tsunami outreach products. In summary, the distinct characteristics of the IOC Tsunami activities include support to operational systems and strong regional activity. Mr Koltermann provided detailed information on the regular and extra budgetary funding available to the Secretariat in recent biennia as follows: 0.360 MUS$ from regular budget and 2.1 MUS$ from extrabudgetary resources for the 35C/5. He also detailed the information on staff available to perform the activities and the origin of funding which presently consists of one P4 and one G4 staff funded by Regular Programme and 10 to 12 staff on extra budgetary funding. He commented that the ratio of RB/EB both in funds for activities and staff requested by member states will be difficult to maintain over the medium term. He also added that supporting single activities from EB requires staff support that is not included in these grants. This staff support has to be part of other substantial EB funds that require considerable efforts to acquire The IOC has been effective in getting visibility and support from UNESCO for its tsunami activities. The Tsunami Programme is strongly linked to all member states in a TWS and gives LDCs and SIDS Member States a tangible and visible presence in the IOC. Prof. Mario Ruivo, on behalf of the host country, Portugal, suggested that a note be prepared on the basic elements of the regional tsunami warning activities including its complexities, and be conveyed to Member State before the IOC 43rd Executive Council as soon as possible. With respect to the structures and funding of IOCs tsunami activities, he indicated that Portugals official position is to revise the IOC Manual to standardize rules for existing bodies and use as much as possible the existing regional bodies. MrArthur Paterson indicated that this meeting provided a very timely opportunity to provide before the Executive Council key information on IOCs tsunami programmatic and budgetary details. He suggested that the Secretariat provides a document to Member States, and to the Financial Committee, containing a brief over staffing and programmatic resources that emphasizes the operational character of the tsunami programme, noting that effective provision of essential services can not depend primarily on extrabudgetary funding. The Secretariat provided the document contained in Annex IV to respond to the two requests above indicated. Date and Place of the Next Meeting April 2011 was suggested as timely for finalizing products for the next Assembly in particular those that requires Task Teams contributions. The venue will be coordinated by the Secretariat. CLOSURE OF MEETING MrKoltermann expressed his thanks to all participants, appreciating the inputs and support of TOWS-WG members. He personally, reflecting on this retirement at the end of May 2010, expressed his gratitude for having the strong support of Member States over the last four years and an excellent, dedicated staff to assist in the consolidation of the IOCs efforts in establishing sustained operational warning systems for tsunami and other sea-level related coastal hazards. MrFernando Carrilho, Head of Seismology Department, Instituto de Meteorologia, thanked the participants on behalf of the Government of Portugal. Chairman MrSang-Kyung Byun said that it had been two days of very interesting presentations and discussions. He thanked all participants and expressed on their behalf their gratitude to the Portuguese government and the Instituto de Meteorologia for hosting the meeting. He declared the meeting closed at 13:45 on 6th May 2010. ANNEX I AGENDA OPENING AND WELCOME OPENING ADOPTION OF AGENDA WORKING ARRANGEMENTS 2. REPORTS FROM RELEVANT BODIES REPORT FROM THE IOC BODIES REPORT OF NON IOC BODIES 3. REVIEW OF PROGRESS STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF IOC RES.XXV.13 REVIEW OF DRAFT WITH DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY ON HAZARDS, DISASTERS, VULNERABILITY AND RISKS REVIEW OF THE IOC OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA EXCHANGE POLICY - IOC RES. XXII-6 REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL TSUNAMETER PARTNERSHIP AND THE DBCP, IN COORDINATION WITH JCOMM, ON OCEAN OBSERVING PLATFORM VANDALISM 4. REPORTS OF THE INTER-ICG TASK TEAMS 5. OTHER ISSUES MULTI-HAZARD APPROACH TSUNAMI UNIT: TRANSITION FROM CONSOLIDATION TO OPERATION 6. DATE AND PLACE OF THE NEXT MEETING 7. CLOSURE OF MEETING ANNEX II DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF TERMS AND DEFINITIONS IN COASTAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION Table of Contents: Foreword.......................................................................................................................xx Introduction....................................................................................................................xx Alphabetical List of Terms and Definitions.....................................................................xx Conclusions...................................................................................................................xx Literature........................................................................................................................xx Introduction In the course of inter-disciplinary and inter-sectoral work the demand for uniform definitions and language occurs as regularly as reprimands of most attempts that are made to standardize definitions and concepts. The reason for this dilemma is twofold: on one hand, sometimes definitions and concepts really are imprecise, wrong or blurred. But on the other hand the majority of the professionals do have quite sharply defined concepts and definitions with which they work on a daily basis and which they grew into in the course of their education, specialization and experience. The problem is that experts from different fields may use contradicting definitions and concepts, while each one might be fully valid and academically sound. Terms simply have been defined differently in different fields and disciplins. Many glossaries were written with the intention to lay down reference/base line definitions. And that is most likely the reason why they are contested by all the experts who might work with different definitions than the one listed. Constant debate is the consequence. In that sense glossaries tend to be more the expression of a need rather than its remedy. In some way, this dilemma is a good sign because it means people are thinking outside the box and cooperate across disciplines and sectors. This is needed for effective disaster risk reduction, risk mitigation, hazard awareness, ecosystem management et cetera. Discussion and exchange of methodologies, experiences, and concepts are a necessity but become difficult where the partners involved do not use the same technical language. If there cannot be total agreement on the definition of a specific term or concept it is very important to inform about existing and sometimes contradicting definitions. If all sides are at least aware of the various definitions that are being used, communication is unlikely to be misleading or misunderstood. Over time more and more definitions may converge because more definitions are known across the field of disaster risk reduction and, as John Twigg phrased it Thinking about disasters is always developing, so pinning down a term or concept is like trying to hit a moving target. And its good that thinking moves on, otherwise we would still be seeing disasters purely as acts of God. [Twigg, 2007]. Hence, this compendium intends to list definitions for terms used in the context of the cause-and-effect-chain of coastal disasters as a basis for discussion and often will resort to listing more than one definition for a specific term. For the definition of the basic terms such as: Coping Capacity, Catastrophe, Disaster, Exposure, Hazard, Human Security, Resilience, Risk, and Vulnerability we would like to refer to Components of Risk: A Comparatve Glossary (Thywissen, 2006) which already list numerous definitions for each of those terms. UNESCO/IOC in response to the request of its member states who felt that internal and external communication of the IOC is hindered by the ambiguity of concepts and definitions took on the task to assemble a compendium of coastal terms and definitions. This shall be embedded in a consultative process involving IOC members as well as external experts of the various fields and disciplines involved. Alphabetical List of Terms and Definitions Abiotic properties of the ecosystemGeological, physical and chemical properties of the ecosystem (IOC, 2006), p.31.AbioticNon-living thing. Usually refers to the physical and chemical components of an organism's environment. Also called inorganic. (Pidwirny, 1999).AblationSurface removal of ice or snow from a glacier or snowfield by melting, sublimation, and/or calving. (Pidwirny, 1999).Abyssal fanFan shaped accumulation of sediment from rivers that is deposited at the base of a submarine canyon within a ocean basin. (Pidwirny, 1999).Abyssal plainAnother name for ocean floor. (Pidwirny, 1999).AccommodationThe continued use of land at risk, without attmepting to prevent land from being damaged by the natural event. This option includes erecting emergency flood shelters, elevating buildings on piles, converting agriculture to fish farming or growing flood/salt tolerant crops (Bijlsma et al. 1996). (IOC, 2009)Accretion, coastalA long-term trend of shoreline advance and/or gain of beach sediment volume over several decades. In many cases, accretion is beneficial and creates a buffer against future coastal hazards. (Ministry for the Environment, 2008).AdaptationAdjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected [climatic] stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. (IPCC, 2001). (IOC, 2009)Adaptation to climate changeUndertaking actions to minimise threats or to maximise opportunities resulting from climate change and its effects. (Ministry for the Environment, 2008).AerosolsA collection of airborne solid or liquid particles, with a typical size between 0.01 and 10 microns, which reside in the atmosphere for at least several hours. Aerosols may be of either natural or anthropogenic origin. (Ministry for the Environment, 2008).AerosolsA dispersion of solid and liquid particles suspended in gas. Atmospheric aerosols, unsurprisingly, refer to solid and liquid particles suspended in air. Aerosols are produced by dozens of different processes that occur on land and water surfaces, and in the atmosphere itself. Aerosols occur in both the troposphere and the stratosphere, but there are considerable differences in the size ranges, chemical nature and sources of the aerosols that occur in these two atmospheric layers. [http://www.newmediastudio.org/DataDiscovery/Aero_Ed_Center/Charact/A.what_are_aerosols.html]AlgaeA simple photosynthetic plant that usually lives in moist or aquatic environments. The bodies of algae can be unicellular or multicellular in design. (Pidwirny, 1999).Algal blooms/harmful algal bloom (HAB)This diverse array of phenomena includes blooms of toxic, microscopic algae that lead to illness and death in humans, fish, sea- birds, marine mammals, and other oceanic life. There are also non-toxic HABs that cause damage to ecosystems, fisheries resources, and recreational facilities, often due to the sheer biomass of the accumulated algae. The term HAB also applies to non-toxic macroalgae (seaweeds), which can cause major ecological impacts such as the displace- ment of indigenous species, habitat alteration and oxygen depletion in bottom waters. (Anderson, 2007) p.2.Algal blooms/harmful algal bloom (HAB)A phytoplankton (also called "microalgal" or "algal") bloom is the rapid growth of one or more species which leads to an increase in biomass of the species. Often, in the case of exceptional/harmful blooms, it is a single species that comes to dominate the phytoplankton community (i.e. the blooms are "monospecific"). However, when toxic algae are involved in a harmful bloom, the mere presence of the toxic alga in concentrations sufficient to elicit effects is often enough to cause the scientific community and public at large to refer to a "bloom" of that particular species. In other words, one refers to "blooms" of toxic phytoplankton on the basis of the effects observed and not necessarily because of a large biomass. (Richardson, 1997).Alluvial depositsDetrital material which is transported by a river and deposited - usually temporarily - at points along the flood plain of a river. Commonly composed of sands and gravels. (FEMA, 2004)Alluvial fanLarge fan shaped terrestrial deposit of alluvial sediment on which a braided stream flows over. Form as stream load is deposited because of a reduction in the velocity of stream flow. (Pidwirny, 1999).Alluvial fanThe sedimentary deposit located at a topographic break, such as the base of a mountain front, escarpment, or valley side, that is composed of streamflow and/or debris flow sediments and has the shape of a fan, either fully or partially extended. These characteristics can be categorized by composition, morphology, and location. (FEMA, 2003)AlongshoreParallel to and near the shoreline. (FEMA, 2004)Amplitude, wave(1) The magnitude of the displacement of a wave from a mean value. An ocean wave has an amplitude equal to the vertical distance from still-water level to wave crest. For a sinusoidal wave, the amplitude is one-half the wave height. (2) The semi-range of a constituent tide. (FEMA, 2004)AmplitudeHalf of the peak-to-trough range (or height) of a wave.(Voigt, 1998).Angle of reposeThe maximum slope (measured from the horizontal) at which soils and loose materials on the banks of canals, rivers or embankments will stay stable. (FEMA, 2004)Angle of reposeThe maximum slope (measured from the horizon) at which soils and loose materials on the banks of canals, rivers or embankments stay stable.(Voigt, 1998).AnoxicRefers to an environment that contains little or no dissolved oxygen and hence little or no benthic marine life. These conditions arise in some basins or fjords where physical circulation of water is limited. (FEMA, 2004)ArchipelagoA sea that contains numerous islands; also the island group itself. (FEMA, 2004) ArchipelagoA group of islands that have an arc shaped distribution. These islands are usually of volcanic origin and are associated with subduction zones. (Pidwirny, 1999).Astronomical tideThe tidal levels and character which would result from gravitational effects, e.g. of the Earth, Sun and Moon, without any atmospheric influences. (FEMA, 2004) AtollA ring shaped reef composed largely of coral. These features are quite common in the tropical waters of the Pacific Ocean. (Pidwirny, 1999).BackrushThe seaward return of the water following the uprush of the waves. For any given tide stage the point of farthest return seaward of the backrush is known as the Limit of backrush or limit backwash.(FEMA, 2004) BackshoreArea behind the shore. This coastal feature is located between the beach berm and the backshore slope. (Pidwirny, 1999).Backwash1) The seaward return of the water following the uprush of the waves. Also called backrush or run down. (2) Water of waves thrown back by an obstruction such as a ship, BREAKWATER, CLIFF, etc.(Voigt, 1998).BackwashThe return water flow of swash. This sheet of water flows back to ocean because of gravity. (Pidwirny, 1999).BarA submerged or emerged embankment of sand, gravel, or other unconsolidated material built on the sea floor in shallow water by waves and currents. (FEMA, 2004) BarAn offshore ridge or mound of sand, gravel, or other unconsolidated material which is submerged (at least at high tide), especially at the mouth of a river or estuary, or lying parallel to, and a short distance from, the beach. (Voigt, 1998).Bar(1) Coarse grained deposit of sediment from a stream or ocean currents. (2) A unit of measurement for quantifying force. Equivalent to 1,000,000 dynes per square centimeter. (Pidwirny, 1999).Barrier islandLong, narrow islands of sand and/or gravel that are usually aligned parallel to the shore of some coasts. (Pidwirny (1999)).BathymetryThe measurement of DEPTHS of water in oceans, seas and lakes; also the information derived from such measurements.(Voigt, 1998).BeachThe zone of unconsolidated material that extends landward from the low water line to the place where there is marked change in material or physiographic form, or to the line of permanent vegetation (usually the effective limit of storm waves). The seaward limit of a beach--unless otherwise specified--is the mean low water line. A beach includes foreshore and backshore. (FEMA, 2004)Beach(1) A deposit of non-cohesive material (e.g. sand, gravel) situated on the interface between dry land and the sea (or other large expanse of water) and actively "worked" by present-day hydrodynamics processes (i.e. waves, tides and currents) and sometimes by winds. (2) The zone of unconsolidated material that extends landward from the low water line to the place where there is marked change in material or physiographic form, or to the line of permanent vegetation. The seaward limit of a beach unless otherwise specified is the mean low water line. A beach includes foreshore and backshore. (3) (SMP) The zone of unconsolidated material that is moved by waves, wind and tidal currents, extending landward to the coastline. (Voigt, 1998).BeachThe terrestrial interface area in between land and a water body where there are accumulations of unconsolidated sediments like sand and gravel. These deposits are laid down by the action of breaking waves. (Pidwirny, 1999).Beaufort wind scaleDescriptive system that determines wind speed by noting the effect of the wind on the environment. Originally developed for use at sea by Admiral Beaufort of the British Navy in 1806. (Pidwirny, 1999).BenthosThe plant and animal organisms that live on the sea floor. Often divided into two categories: deep-sea benthos, below 200 meters and the littoral benthos, from 200 meters to the high-water spring tide level. (Pidwirny, 1999)Berm(1) On a beach: a nearly horizontal plateau on the beach face or backshore, formed by the deposition of beach material by wave action or by means of a mechanical plant as part of a beach renourishment scheme. Some natural beaches have no berm, others have several. (2) On a structure: a nearly horizontal area, often built to support or key-in an armor layer. (FEMA, 2004) BermLow hill of sand that forms along coastal beaches. (Pidwirny, 1999)BleachingMag40BlowoutA depression on the land surface caused by wind erosion. (FEMA, 2004) BogA wet, spongy, poorly drained area which is usually rich in very specialized plants, contains a high percentage of organic remnants and residues and frequently is associated with a spring, seepage area, or other subsurface water source. A bog sometimes represents the final stage of the natural processes of eutrophication by which lakes and other bodies of water are very slowly transformed into land areas. (FEMA, 2004) BogA habitat that consists of waterlogged spongy ground. Common vegetation are sedges and sphagnum moss. Bogs are common in Canada, Russia, and Scandinavia. (Pidwirny, 1999)BoilAn upward flow of water in a sandy formation due to an unbalanced hydrostatic pressure resulting from a rise in a nearby stream, or from removing the overburden in making excavations. (FEMA, 2004) BoreA very rapid rise of the tide in which the advancing water presents an abrupt front of considerable height. In shallow estuaries where the range of tide is large, the high water is propagated inward faster than the low water because of the greater depth at high water. If the high water overtakes the low water, an abrupt front is presented, with the high- water crest finally falling forward as the tide continues to advance. (FEMA, 2004) Bore, tsunamiA steep, turbulent, rapidly moving tsunami wave front, typically occurring in a river mouth or estuary. (IOC, 2008)BrackishEnvironment that is influenced by seawater with a salinity less than 35 parts per thousand (usually caused by the presence of an inflow of fresh water). (Pidwirny, 1999).BreakwaterA structure protecting a shore area, harbor, anchorage, or basin from waves. (FEMA, 2004) BreakwaterAn offshore or onshore structure, such as a wall, water gate, or other in-water wave-dissipating object that is used to protect a harbour or beach from the force of waves. (IOC, 2008)BrineSeawater with a salinity greater than 35 parts per thousand. Usually occurs in isolated bodies of seawater that have high amounts of water loss due to evaporation. (Pidwirny, 1999).Bruun RuleA simple mathematical relationship that states: as sea-level rises, the shoreface profile moves up and back while maintaining its original shape. (Ministry for the Environment, 2008).BulkheadWall or other structure, often of wood, steel, stone, or concrete, designed to retain or prevent sliding or erosion of the land. Occasionally, bulkheads are use to protect against wave action. (NOAA Coastal Services Center, 20??)BulkheadA structure or partition to retain or prevent sliding of the land. A secondary purpose is to protect the upland against damage from wave action. (FEMA, 2004) Cable ocean-bottom instrumentAn instrument at the ocean bottom connected to the land by a cable that provides power for the measurement and transmission of data from the sea floor to the coast. Cables can extend for tens of kilometers offshore and across oceans. They enable real-time, multi-sensor seafloor observatories to be deployed for long-term monitoring. Examples of sensors on cabled systems are seismometers to measure earthquakes, sensitive pressure gauges to measure tsunamis, geodetic sensors to measure seafloor deformation, and cameras. Japan operates several cable systems. (IOC, 2008)Catchment AreaThe area which drains naturally to a particular point on a river, thus contributing to its natural discharge. (FEMA, 2004) CausticIn refraction of waves, the name given to the curve to which adjacent orthogonals of waves refracted by a bottom whose contour lines are curved, are tangents. The occurrence of a caustic always marks a region of crossed orthogonals and high wave convergence. (FEMA, 2004) Channel(1) A natural or artificial waterway of perceptible extent which either periodically or continuously contains moving water, or which forms a connecting link between two bodies of water. (2) The part of a body of water deep enough to be used for navigation through an area otherwise too shallow for navigation. (3) A large strait, as the English Channel. (4) The deepest part of a stream, bay, or strait through which the main volume or current of water flows. (FEMA, 2004) Channel capacityThe maximum flow which a channel is capable of transmitting without its banks being overtopped. (FEMA, 2004) ClapotisThe French equivalent for a type of standing wave. In American usage it is usually associated with the standing wave phenomenon caused by the reflection of a nonbreaking wave train from a structure with a face that is vertical or nearly vertical. Full clapotis is one with 100 percent reflection of the incident wave; partial clapotis is one with less than 100 percent reflection. (FEMA, 2004) Clastic rocksRocks built up of fragments which have been produced by weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks and minerals and, typically, transported mechanically to their point of deposition. (FEMA, 2004) Climate changeClimate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. by using statistical tests_ by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcing, or to persisten anthropogenic change sint eh composition of the atmosphere or in land use. Note that the Framework Convention of Climate Change (UNFCCC), in its Article 1, defines climate change as: a change climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.' The UNFCCC this makes a distinction between climate change attributable to human activities altering the atmospheric composition, and climate variability attributable to natural causes. (IPCC, 2007) (IOC, 2009)) A statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). (Ministry for the Environment, 2008)Coastal defense infrastructureCoastal ecosystemsCoastal erosionA long-term trend of shoreline retreat and/or loss of beach sediment volume over several decades. Cutback is a more suitable term for a dynamically stable shoreline to describe the temporary loss of beach volume or shoreline retreat during a storm (before the volume gets replenished over ensuing weeks and months). (Ministry for the Environment, 2008)Coastal faciesCoastal forcingThe natural processes which drive coastal hydro- and morphodynamics (e.g. winds, waves, tides, etc). (FEMA, 2004) Coastal marginAquatic and land environments that are potentially affected by coastal hazards, including the long-term impacts of climate change, in which the coast and any dune or cliff system is a significant element or part, and includes the coastal marine area. (Ministry for the Environment, 2008).Coastal Marine Area (CMA)That area of the foreshore and seabed of which the seaward boundary is the outer limits of the territorial sea (12 nautical miles) and the landward boundary is the line of mean high water spring, except where that line crosses a river. There, the landward boundary is whichever is the lesser of: 1 kilometre upstream from the mouth of the river, or the point upstream that is calculated by multiplying the width of the river mouth by five. (Resource Management Act 1991). (Ministry for the Environment, 2008).Coastal processesCollective term covering the action of natural forces on the shoreline, and near shore seabed. (FEMA, 2004) Coastal stripA zone directly adjacent to the waterline, where only coast related activities take place. Usually this is a strip of some 100 m wide. In this strip the coastal defense activities take place. In this strip often there are restrictions to land use. (FEMA, 2004) Coastal zoneThe transition zone where the land meets water, the region that is directly influenced by marine and lacustrine hydrodynamic processes. Extends offshore to the continental shelf break and onshore to the first major change in topography above the reach of major storm waves. On barrier coasts, includes the bays and lagoons between the barrier and the mainland. (FEMA, 2004) Coastal zone managementThe integrated and general development of the coastal zone. Coastal Zone Management is not restricted to coastal defense works, but includes also a development in economical, ecological and social terms. Coastline Management is a part of Coastal Zone Management. (FEMA, 2004) Coriolis effectForce due to the Earth's rotation, capable of generating currents. It causes moving bodies to be deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The "force" is proportional to the speed and latitude of the moving object. It is zero at the equator and maximum at the poles.(Voigt, 1998).CoralSimple marine animals that live symbiotically with algae. In the symbiotic relationship, the algae provides the coral with nutrients, while the coral provide the algae with a structure to live in. Coral animals secrete calcium carbonate to produce a hard external skeleton. (Pidwirny, 1999).Coral bleachingSituation where coral lose their colorful symbiotic algae. Thought to be caused by unusually warm water, changes in salinity of ocean seawater, or excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation. (Pidwirny, 1999).CotidalIndicating equality with the tides or a coincidence with the time of high or low tide. (IOC, 2008)Creeping hazardA hazard that impacts progressively over long-term. (Bogardi, 2004). (IOC, 2009).cross-shorePerpendicular to the shoreline. (FEMA, 2004) Crustal spreading centerMag40CycloneAn atmospheric closed circulation rotating counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. (NOAA, 2010).Debris lineA line near the limit of storm wave uprush marking the landward limit of debris deposits. (FEMA, 2004) Deep water wavesA wave in water the depth of which is greater than one-half the wave length. (FEMA, 2004) Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) system,consists of seafloor pressure sensors that can detect a tsunami as it passes and a communication system to relay information to tsunami warning centers in real time. Coastal_hazards.pdfdeltaMag40Design stormA hypothetical extreme storm whose waves coastal protection structures will often be designed to withstand. The severity of the storm (i.e. return period) is chosen in view of the acceptable level of risk of damage or failure. A design storm consists of a design wave condition, a design water level and a duration. (FEMA, 2004) diurnalHaving a period or cycle of approximately one tidal day. (FEMA, 2004) Diurnal tideA tide with one high water and one low water in a tidal day. (FEMA, 2004) Doppler radar networkDownscalingDeriving estimates of local climate elements (eg, temperature, wind, rainfall), from the coarse resolution output of global climate models. Statistical downscaling uses present relationships between large-scale climate variables and local variables. Nested regional climate modeling uses the coarse resolution output from a global climate model to drive a high resolution regional climate model. (Ministry for the Environment, 2008).drifting buoysDropThe downward change or depression in sea level associated with a tsunami, a tide, or some long term climatic effect. (IOC, 2008)Dune height (elevation)(USGS, 2010a)Early warningThe provision of timely and effective information, through identified institution, that allows individuals exposed to hazard to avoid or reduce their risk and prepare for an effective response. (UN/ISDR, 2004). (IOC, 2009)early warning systemEbb tideTime during the tidal period when the tide is falling. Compare with flood tide. (Pidwirny, 1999)EcosystemA system of living organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment. The boundaries of what could be called an ecosystem are somewhat arbitrary, depending on the focus of interest or study. Thus, the extent of an ecosystem may range from very small spatial scales to, ultimately the entire earth. (PCC, 2007). (IOC, 2009)EcosystemThe living organisms and the nonliving environment interacting in a given area, encompassing the relationships between biological, geochemical, and geophysical systems. (FEMA, 2004)EcosystemA dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganisms communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit. (IOC, 2006)EcosystemAn ecosystem is a system where populations of species group together into communities and interact with each other and the abiotic environment. (Pidwirny, 1999)Ecosystem approachThe ecosystem approach is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. It is based on the application of appropriate scientific methodologies focused on levels of biological organization that encompass the essential processes, functions and interactions among organisms and their environment. It recognizes that humans, with their cultural diversity, are an integral component of ecosystems. (IOC, 2006)Edge waveA wave of water that moves parallel to the shore. This wave is usually a secondary wave of complex formation. (Pidwirny, 1999)Ekman transportResultant flow at right angles to and to the right of the wind direction (in the northern hemisphere) referred to as upwelling and downwelling. (FEMA, 2004)El NinoWarm equatorial water which flows southward along the coast of Peru and Ecuador during February and March of certain years. It is caused by poleward motions of air and unusual water temperature patterns in the Pacific Ocean, which cause coastal downwelling, leading to the reversal in the normal north-flowing cold coastal currents. During many El Nino years, storms, rainfall, and other meteorological phenomena in the Western Hemisphere are measurably different than during non-El Nino years. (See La Nina). (FEMA, 2004)El NinoA significant increase in sea surface temperature over the eastern and central equatorial Pacific that occurs at irregular intervals, generally ranging between 2 and 7 years. Associated changes occur in atmospheric pressure patterns and wind systems across the Pacific. These can lead to changes in seasonal rainfall and temperature in parts of Australia and New Zealand. (Ministry for the Environment, 2008)El NinoName given to the occasional development of warm ocean surface waters along the coast of Ecuador and Peru. When this warming occurs the tropical Pacific trade winds weaken and the usual upwelling of cold, nutrient rich deep ocean water off the coast of Ecuador and Peru is reduced. The El Nio normally occurs around Christmas and lasts usually for a few weeks to a few months. Sometimes an extremely warm event can develop that lasts for much longer time periods. (Pidwirny, 1999)El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)Term coined in the early 1980s in recognition of the intimate linkage between El Nino events and the Southern Oscillation, which, prior to the late 1960s, had been viewed as two unrelated phenomena. The interactive global ocean atmosphere cycle comprising El Nino and La Nina is often called the  ENSO cycle . (Ministry for the Environment, 2008)Emergency managementThe organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all aspects of emergencies, in particularly preparedness, response and rehabilitation. (UN/ISDR, 2004). (IOC, 2009)Emergent barsIn some areas, such as the west-central coast of Florida, sandbars can emerge where abundant sand is available for reworking by waves and currents (Fig. 7). The bars typically form in shallow water on the margins (platform shoals) of tidal inlets, or immediately downdrift of inlets where the rates of sediment transport are high. The emergent bars can migrate onshore and attach themselves to the beach, or they can continue to grow for years to form small islands. Where the bars migrate onshore, a narrow lagoon commonly separates them from the former ocean shore. In both situations, the sandbars would cause storm waves to break, and therefore they would provide additional protection to the adjacent shore that was fully exposed to ocean waves before the bar emerged. (USGS, 2010a)emergent sandbars(USGS, 2010a)EncroachmentAny physical object placed in a floodplain that hinders the passage of water or otherwise affects the flood flows. (USGS, 2010)Estuarya place where fresh and salt water mix, such as a bay, salt marsh, or where a river enters an ocean. (USGS, 2010b)Estuary(1) The part of a river that is affected by tides. (2) The region near a river mouth in which the fresh water of the river mixes with the salt water of the sea and which received both fluvial and littoral sediment influx. (FEMA, 2004)Estuary(1) A semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the open sea. The seawater is usually measurably diluted with freshwater. (2) The part of the river that is affected by tides. (3) (SMP) The zone or area of water in which freshwater and saltwater mingle and water is usually brackish due to daily mixing and layering of fresh and salt water. (Voigt, 1998).Eustatic sea level changeChange in the relative volume of the world's ocean basins and the total amount of ocean water. (FEMA, 2004)EutrophicationExtreme weather eventAn event that is rare at a particular place. Rare would normally be defined as rare as or rarer than the 10th or 90th percentile. (Ministry for the Environment, 2008)EyeThe roughly circular area of comparatively light winds that encompasses the center of a severe tropical cyclone. The eye is either completely or partially surrounded by the eyewall cloud. (NOAA National Hurricane Center, 2010)Eyewall/wall cloudAn organized band or ring of cumulonimbus clouds that surround the eye, or light-wind center of a tropical cyclone. Eyewall and wall cloud are used synonymously. (NOAA National Hurricane Center, 2010)FetchDistance over which wind acts on the water surface to generate waves. (NOAA Coastal Services Center, undated)FetchThe length of unobstructed open sea surface across which the wind can generate waves (generating area). (NOAA Coastal Services Center, undated)FetchThe distance of open water in one direction across a body of water over which wind can blow. (Pidwirny, 1999)Flood(1) Period when tide level is rising; often taken to mean the flood current which occurs during this period. (2) A flow above the carrying capacity of a channel. (NOAA Coastal Services Center, undated)FloodInundation of a land surface that is not normally submerged by water from quick change in the level of a water body like a lake, stream, or ocean. (Pidwirny, 1999)Flood tideTime during the tidal period when the tide is rising. Compare with ebb tide. (Pidwirny, 1999)ForereefMag40Frontal duneRidge or mound of unconsolidated sandy soil, extending continuously alongshore landward of the sand beach and defined by relatively steep slopes abutting markedly flatter and lower regions on each side. (NOAA Coastal Services Center, undated)Fujiwhara EffectThe tendency of two nearby tropical cyclones to rotate cyclonically about each other. (NOAA National Hurricane Center, 2010)GLOSSGlobal Sea-Level Observing System. A component of the Global Ocean Observing System(GOOS). TheUNESCOIOCestablished GLOSS in 1985 originally to improve the quality of sea level data as input to studies of long-term sea level change. It consists of a core network of approximately 300 stations distributed along continental coastlines and throughout each of the world'sislandgroups. TheGLOSSnetworkalso supports sea level monitoring for tsunami warning with minimum operational standards of 15-minute data transmissions of one-minute sampled data. (IOC, 2008)GOOSGlobal Ocean Observing System. GOOS is a permanent global system for observations, modelling, and analysis of marine and ocean variables to support operational ocean services worldwide. The GOOS Project aims to provide accurate descriptions of the present state of the oceans, including living resources; continuous forecasts of the future conditions of the sea for as far ahead as possible; and the basis for forecasts of climate change. The GOOS Project Office, located at the IOC headquarters in Paris since 1992, provides assistance in the implementation of GOOS. (IOC, 2008)GPMGroinNarrow, roughly shore-normal structure built to reduce longshore currents, and/or to trap and retain littoral material. Most groins are of timber or rock and extend from a seawall, or the backshore, well onto the foreshore and rarely even further offshore. (FEMA, 2004)Groin(1) A shore-protection structure (built usually to trap Littoral drift or retard erosion of the shore). It is narrow in width (measured parallel to the shore) and its length may vary from tens to hundreds of meters (extending from a point landward of the shoreline out into the water). Groins may be classified as permeable (with openings through them) or impermeable (a solid or nearly solid structure). (2) (SMP) A barrier-type structure extending from the Backshore or stream bank into a water body for the purpose of the protection of a shoreline and adjacent upland by influencing the movement of water and/or deposition of materials. (Voigt, 1998)Groin, adjustableA groin whose permeability can be changed, usually with gates or removable sections. (FEMA, 2004)GulfA relatively large portion of the ocean or sea extending far into land; the largest of various forms of inlets of the sea (e.g., Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Aqaba). (FEMA, 2004)GutA tidal stream connecting two larger waterways. (FEMA, 2004)Haloclinea strong, vertical salinity gradient; the (sometimes indistinct) border between layers of water that contain different amounts of salt. [en.wiktionary.org/wiki/halocline]HaloclineA zone in which salinity changes rapidly. (FEMA, 2004)High-velocity wave actionCondition in which wave heights or wave runup depths are greater than or equal to 3.0 feet. (NOAA Coastal Services Center, undated)HinterlandMag40HurricaneA cyclonic storm, usually of tropic origin, covering an extensive area, and containing winds in excess of 75 miles per hour.(Voigt, 1998)Hurricane / TyphoonA tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind (using the U.S. 1-minute average) is 64 kt (74 mph or 119 km/hr) or more. The term hurricane is used for Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclones east of the International Dateline to the Greenwich Meridian. The term typhoon is used for Pacific tropical cyclones north of the Equator west of the International Dateline. (NOAA National Hurricane Center, 2010)HurricaneAn intense cyclonic storm consisting of an organized mass of thunderstorms that develops over the warm oceans of the tropics. To be classified as a hurricane, winds speeds in the storm must be greater than 118 kilometers per hour. (Pidwirny, 1999)Indicatorsquantitative/qualitative statements or measured/observed parameters that can be used to describe existing situations and measure change or trends over time. Their three main functions are simplification, quantification and communication. (IOC, 2006) p.19 See also Jrns Definitions.....Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management (ICOM)A dynamic, multidisciplinary, iterative, and participatory process to promote sustainable management of coastal and ocean areas balancing environmental, economic, social, cultural and recreational objectives over the long-term. ICOM entails the integration of all relevant policy areas, sectors and levels of administration. It means integration of the terrestrial and marine components of the target territory, both, in time and space. (IOC, 2006) p.7Integrated Coastal Area management (ICAM)A dynamic, multidisciplinary, iterative and participatory process to promote sustainable management of coastal and ocean areas balancing environmental, economic, social, cultural and recreational objectives over the long-term. ICOM entails the integration of all relevant policy areas, sectors, and levels of administration. It means integration of the terrestrial and marine components of the target territory, both in time and space. (IOC, 2006) p. 117 ICAM is a multi-phased process that unites governments and the community, science and management, and sectoral and public interes in preparing and implementing an integrated plan for the development and the protection of coastal ecosystems and resources. Contributing to the sustainable development of coastal areas, its goals include the protection of public safety, land-use planning, the stewardship of resources, the promotion of economic development and conflict resolution between the various stakeholders. ICAM is functionally the same as ICZM (Integrated Coastal Zone Management). (IOC, 2009) p.12] [can be defined as continuous and dynamic process by which decisions are made for the sustainable use, development and protection of coastal and marine areas and resources. Firs and foremost, the process is designed to overcome the fragmentation inherent in both the sectorial management approach and the splits in jurisdiction among levels of government at the land-sea interface. This is done by ensuring that the decisions of all sectors and all levels of government are harmonised and consistent with the coastal policies of the country. A key part of ICAM is the design of the institutional process to accomplish this harmonistaion in a politically acceptable way.... ICAM is a multipurpose oriented concept that analyses implications of development, conflicting uses and interrelationshiups among physical process and human activiities. In addition it promotes linkages and harmonisation between sectorial coastal and ocean activities. (Kairu & Nyandwi, 2000) p. 50Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO)A long timescale oscillation in the Pacific Oceanatmosphere system that shifts climate every one to three decades. The IPO has positive (warm) and negative (cool) phases. Positive phases tend to be associated with an increase in El Nino, and negative phases with an increase in La Nina events. (Ministry for the Environment, 2008)InundationThe state of flooding of coastal land resulting from the impact of a tsunami, storm surge or other coastal flood hazard. Quantitatively it is the horizontal distance attained by flooding, usually measured perpendicularly to the shoreline. (IOC, 2009)Inundation lineThe line marking the maximum horizontal inland penetration of a tsunami, storm surge or other coastal flood hazard from the shoreline. (IOC, 2009)Inundation or inundation distanceThe horizontal distance inland that a tsunami penetrates, generally measured perpendicularly to the shoreline. (IOC, 2008)Island arcA line of volcanic islands found of the ocean that have been created by the convergence of two tectonic plates and the subsequent subduction of one of the plates beneath the other. Subduction cause magma plumes to rise to the Earth's surface creating the volcanic islands. (Pidwirny, 1999)JettyWall built out into the water to restrain currents or protect a structure. (NOAA Coastal Services Center, undated)Joint probabilityThe likelihood of two or more hazard events impacting the same coastal area simultaneously. (IOC, 2009)Joint probabilityThe probability of two (or more) things occurring together. (FEMA, 2004)Joint probability densityFunction specifying the joint distribution of two (or more) variables. (FEMA, 2004)Joint return periodAverage period of time between occurrences of a given joint probability event. (FEMA, 2004)La NinaA significant decrease in sea surface temperature in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific that occurs at irregular intervals, generally ranging between 2 and 7 years. La Nina is the cool counterpart to the El Nino warm event, and its spatial and temporal evolution in the equatorial Pacific is, to a considerable extent, the mirror image of El Nino. Like El Nino, there are associated changes in atmospheric pressures and wind systems across the Pacific, and related changes can occur in temperature and rainfall in parts of Australia and New Zealand. (Ministry for the Environment, 2008)La NiaEl Nio has come to refer to the more pronounced weather effects associated with anomalously warm sea surface temperatures interacting with the air above it in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean. Its counterpart--effects associated with colder-than-usual sea surface temperatures in the region--was labeled "La Nia" (or "little girl") as recently as 1985. The shift from El Nio conditions to La Nia and back again takes about four years. Understanding this irregular oscillation and its consequences for global climate has become possible only in recent decades as scientists began to unravel the intricate relationship between ocean and atmosphere. Although meteorologists have long been forecasting daily weather based on atmospheric measurements taken around the world, they had relatively little information about conditions in many parts of the world's oceans until the advent of arrays of fixed unmanned midocean buoys in the Pacific Ocean and orbiting satellites. (The National Academies, 2000)La NiaCondition opposite of an El Nio. In a La Nia, the tropical Pacific trade winds become very strong and an abnormal accumulation of cold water occurs in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. (Pidwirny, 1999)Land use and land use changeLand use refers to the total of arrangements, acitvities and inputs undertaken In a certain land cover type (a set of human actions). The term land use is also used in the sense of the social and economic purposes for which land Is managed (e.g. grazing, timber, extraction, and conservation). Land-use change refers to a change in the use or management of land by humans, which may lead to a change in loand cover. (IPCC, 2007). (IOC, 2009)LandfallThe intersection of the surface center of a tropical cyclone with a coastline. Because the strongest winds in a tropical cyclone are not located precisely at the center, it is possible for a cyclone's strongest winds to be experienced over land even if landfall does not occur. Similarly, it is possible for a tropical cyclone to make landfall and have its strongest winds remain over the water. Compare direct hit, indirect hit, and strike. (NOAA National Hurricane Center, 2010)LandfallThe coastline location where a tropical storm or hurricane moves from ocean onto land. (Pidwirny, 1999)Leading waveFirst arriving wave of a tsunami. In some cases, the leading wave produces an initial depression or drop in sea level, and in other cases, an elevationorriseinsealevel. Whenadropinsea level occurs, sea level recession is observed. (IOC, 2008)LifelinesKey networks for communication and survival during emergency conditions, including connected links and operating facilities in electricity, telecommunications, roading, water supply and wastewater systems. They may also include key emergency services such as ambulance, fire and civil defence services, and facilitates such as hospitals and medical centres.(Ministry for the Environment, 2008)LittoralOf or pertaining to the shore, especially of the sea; coastal. (NOAA Coastal Services Center, undated)Littoral zoneAn indefinite zone extending seaward from the shoreline to just beyond the breaker zone.(Voigt, 1998)Littoral zoneThe zone along a coastline that is between the high and low-water spring tide marks.(Pidwirny, 1999)LivelihoodMacroalgae changesManagement unitThe geographical area under consideration for the purposes of risk assessment and mitigation. This may be national in scale, or at the district or local levels. (IOC, 2009))MaremotoSpanish term for tsunami. (IOC, 2008)Mareogram or marigram1) Record made by a mareograph. 2) Any graphic representation of the rise and fall of the sea level, with time as abscissa and height as ordinate, usually used to measure tides, may also show tsunamis. (IOC, 2008)MarigramA graphic record of the rise and fall of the tide. The record is in the form of a curve in which time is represented by abscissas and the height of the tide by ordinates.(Voigt, 1998)Mean high water spring (MHWS)Mean high water spring is traditionally the level of the average spring tides just after full or new moon. In centraleastern regions, a pragmatical MHWS or perigean-spring tide level (MHWPS) is a better hazard measure of upper-level high tides than the traditional MHWS, because the spring-neap effect is weak. (Ministry for the Environment, 2008)Mean high water spring (MHWS)The average height of the high water occurring at the time of spring tides.(Voigt, 1998)Mean Level of the Sea (MLOS)The actual level of the sea over a certain averaging period (days, weeks, years, decades) after removing the tides (not to be confused with mean sea level or MSL, which usually refers to a set vertical survey datum). (Ministry for the Environment, 2008)Mean sea levelThe average height of the sea surface, based upon hourly observation of tide height on the open coast or in adjacent waters which have free access to the sea. These observations are to have been made over a considerable period of time. In the United States, mean sea level is defined as the average height of the surface of the sea for all stages of the tide over a 19-year period. Selected values of mean sea level serve as the sea level datum for all elevation surveys in the United States. Along with mean high water, mean low water, and mean lower low water, mean sea level is a type of tidal datum. (IOC, 2008)Mean Sea Level (MSL)Mean sea level survey datum generally set down in the 1930s to 1950s for different regions. Because of the sea-level rise since then, MSL datum values around New Zealand are usually several centimetres below the current mean level of the sea. (Ministry for the Environment, 2008)Mean sea levelThe average height of the surface of the sea for all stages of the tide over a 19-year period, usually determined from hourly height readings (see sea level datums).(Voigt, 1998)Mean sea levelThe average height of the ocean surface as determined from the mean of all tidal levels recorded at hourly intervals. (Pidwirny, 1999)MesotidalTidal range between 2 m and 4 m.(Voigt, 1998)Meteorological tsunamiTsunami-like phenomena generated by meteorological or atmospheric disturbances. These waves can be produced by atmospheric gravity waves, pressure jumps, frontal passages, squalls, gales, typhoons, hurricanes and other atmospheric sources. Meteotsunamis have the same temporal and spatial scales as tsunami waves and can similarly devastate coastal areas, especially in bays and inlets with strong amplification and well-defined resonant properties (e.g. Ciutadella Inlet, Baleric Islands; Nagasaki Bay, Japan; Longkou Harbour, China; Vela Luka, Stari Grad and Mali Ston Bays, Croatia). Sometimes referred to as rissaga. (IOC, 2008)Microtidal regionA region of less than 0.5 m tidal amplitude (USGS, 2010a)Micro-tidalTidal range less than 2 m. (Voigt, 1998)MitigationStructural and non-structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of natural hazards. (UN/ISDR, 2004). See also Adaptation. (IOC, 2009)MitigationAny action taken to reduce or permanently eliminate the long-term risk to life and property from natural hazards. (NOAA Coastal Services Center, undated)Neap tideTide of decreased range occurring semimonthly as the result of the moon being in quadrature. The neap range of the tide is the average semidiurnal range occurring at the time of neap tides and is most conveniently computed from the harmonic constants. The neap range is typically 10 to 30 percent smaller than the mean range where the type of tide is either semidiurnal or mixed and is of no practical significance where the type of tide is diurnal. The average height of the high waters of the neap tide is called neap high water or high water neaps (MHWN), and the average height of the corresponding low water is called neap low water or low water neaps (MLWN). (Voigt, 1998)Neap tideTide that occurs every 14 to 15 days and coincides with the first and last quarter of the moon. This tide has a small tidal range because the gravitational forces of the moon and Sun are perpendicular to each other. Contrasts with spring tide. (Pidwirny, 1999)Non-structural measuresPolicies, regulations and plans that promote good coastal hazard management practices to minimize coastal hazards risks. (IOC, 2009)Oligo-elementsOver-fishingOverwash zoneOverwash occurs when storm waters exceed the elevation of the adjacent land and the ocean water flows onshore. The overwash processes commonly transport large volumes of sand onshore where it is deposited as fan-shaped or terrace-shaped features Overwash areas, which are indicators of hazards to coastal development, are characterized typically by low elevations adjacent to the backbeach, absence of dunes, and either barren or sparse vegetation. Storm flooding in broad overwash areas is normally by sheetwash, whereas scouring and erosion are common in narrow overwash areas where the flow of waves and currents is restricted. In hurricanes and some winter storms (northeasters), the overwash waves and currents can open new inlets on barrier islands, destroy bridges and roads, or transport sand inland more than a kilometer from the shore, blocking streets and filling parking lots. (USGS, 2010a)Overwash(1) The part of the Uprush that runs over the crest of a berm or structure and does not flow directly back to the ocean or lake. (2) The effect of waves overtopping a coastal defence, often carrying sediment landwards which is then lost to the beach system.PercolationThe process by which water flows through the interstices of a sediment. Specifically, in wave phenomena, the process by which wave action forces water through the interstices of the bottom sediment and which tends to reduce wave heights. (FEMA, 2004)Phytoplankton bloomPolluter-pays principlePost-tropical CycloneA former tropical cyclone. This generic term describes a cyclone that no longer possesses sufficient tropical characteristics to be considered a tropical cyclone. Post-tropical cyclones can continue carrying heavy rains and high winds. Note that former tropical cyclones that have become fully extratropical...as well as remnant lows...are two classes of post-tropical cyclones. (NOAA National Hurricane Center, 2010)Precautionary approachPreparednessActivities and measures taken in advance to ensure effective respinse to the impact of hazards, including the issuance of timely and effective early warnings and the temporary evacuation of people and property from threatened locations. (UN/ISDR, 2004). (IOC, 2009)ProbabilityThe likelihood of a defined hazard event impacting a coastal area. (IOC, 2009)ProbabilityThe chance that a prescribed event will occur, represented by a number (p) in the range 0 - 1. It can be estimated empirically from the relative frequency (i.e. the number of times the particular event occurs, divided by the total count of all events in the class considered). (FEMA, 2004)ProtectionInvolves the use of natural or artificial measures to protect landwards development and/or attempt to hold the shoreline in its existing position in an effort to reduce hazard impacts. (Bijlsma et al., 1996). (IOC, 2009)Public awarenessThe process of informing the general population, increasing levels of consciousness about risks and how people can act to reduce their exposure to hazards. This is particularly important for public officials in fulfilling their responsibilities to save lives and property in the event of a disaster. (IOC, 2009)Rapid-onset hazardA hazard that impacts over a short time scale (minutes hours), sometimes catastrophically. (see Bogardi, 2006). (IOC, 2009)RecessionDrawdown of sea level prior to tsunami flooding. The shoreline moves seaward, sometimes by a kilometre or more, exposing the sea bottom, rocks, and fish. The recession of the sea is a natural warning sign that a tsunami is approaching. (IOC, 2008)Red tidesDiscoloration of surface waters, most frequently in coastal zones, caused by large concentrations of microorganisms. (Voigt, 1998).ReefA ridge of rock or other material lying just below the surface of the sea. (Voigt,1998).ReefA ridge of rocks found in the tidal zone along a coastline. One common type of reef is the coral reef. (Pidwirny, 1999)Relative sea levelSea level measured by a tide gauge with respect to the land upon which it is situated. Mean sea level is normally defined as the average relative sea level over a period, such as a month or a year, long enough to average out transients such as waves and tides. (IPCC, 2007). (IOC, 2009)Relative sea levelSea level measured by a tide gauge with respect to the land upon which it is situated. Mean Sea Level (MSL) is normally defined as the average relative sea level over a period, such as a month or a year, long enough to average out transient fluctuations such as waves. (Ministry for the Environment, 2008)RetreatAbandonment of coastal area and the landward shift of ecosystems. This choice can be motivated byt the nature of assets to be protected. (Bijlsma, 1996). (IOC, 2009)Return periodThe average time between occurrences of a defined event. (IPCC, 2007). (IOC, 2009)Return periodThe average time period between repetition of an extreme weather event, such as heavy rainfall or flooding, in a stationary climate (that is, a climate without global warming or other trends). In the case of rainfall, a return period is always related to a specific duration (eg, 50-year return period of 24-hour extreme rainfall).(Ministry for the Environment, 2008)Rip currentA strong relatively narrow current of water that flows seaward against breaking waves. (Pidwirny, 1999)RiprapBroken stone, cut stone blocks, or rubble that is placed on slopes to protect them from erosion or scour caused by flood waters or wave action. (NOAA Coastal Services Center, undated)Riprap(1) Broken stones used for revetment, toe protection for BLUFFS, or structures exposed to wave action, foundations, etc. (2) Foundation of wall or stones placed together irregularly. (3) (SMP) A layer, facing or protective mound of stones placed to prevent EROSION, scour or sloughing of a structure or EMBANKMENT; also the stone so used.(Voigt, 1998).Risk assessmentA methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk by analysing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability that could pose a potnetial threat or harm to people, property, livelihoods and the environment on which they depend. (UN/ISDR, 2004) (IOC, 2009)Run-upThe difference between the elevation of maximym tsunami penetration *inundation line) and the sea level at the time of the tsunami.Run-up1) Difference between the elevation of maximum tsunami penetration (inundation line) and the sea level at the time of the tsunami. In practical terms, run-up is only measured where there is a clear evidence of the inundation limit on the shore. 2) Elevation reached by seawater measured relative to some stated datum such as mean sea level, mean low water, sea level at the time of the tsunami attack, etc., and measured ideally at a point that is a local maximum of the horizontal inundation. Where the elevation is not measured at the maximum of horizontal inundation this is often referred to as the inundation-height. (IOC, 2008)Run-upthe rush of water up a structure or BEACH on the breaking of a wave. The amount of run-up is the vertical height above stillwater level that the rush of water reaches.(Voigt, 1998).ScenarioA plausible and often simplified description of how the future might develop, based on a coherent and internally consisten set of assumptions about driving forces and key relationships. Scenarios may be derived from projections, but are often based on additional information from other sources, sometimes combined with a narrative storyline. (IPCC, 2007) (IOC, 2009)ScourRemoval of soil or fill material by the flow of floodwaters. The term is frequently used to describe storm-induced, localized conical erosion around pilings and other foundation supports where the obstruction of flow increases turbulence. See Erosion. (NOAA Coastal Services Center, undated)Sea level changeSea level can change, both globally and locally, due to (I) changes in the shape of the ocean basins, (ii) changes in the total mass of water and (iii) change sin water density. (IPCC, 2007) (IOC, 2009)Sea level riseTrend of annual mean sea level over timescales of at least three or more decades. Must be tied to one of the following two types: global overall rise in absolute sea level in the worlds oceans; or relative net rise relative to the local landmass (that may be subsiding or being uplifted). Coastal-hazards-climate-change-guidance-manual.pdf]Sea level riseThe long-term trend in mean sea level.(Voigt, 1998).Seabed destructionSeawallSolid barricade built at the water's edge to protect the shore and to prevent inland flooding. (NOAA Coastal Services Center, undated)Sediment cellIn the context of a strategic approach to coastal management, a length of coastline in which interruptions to the movement of sand or shingle along the beaches or nearshore seabed do not significantly affect beaches in the adjacent lengths of coastline. (Simm et al., 1996). (IOC, 2009)SeicheA seiche may be initiated by a standing wave oscillating in a partially or fully enclosed body of water. Itmaybeinitiatedbylongperiodseismic waves (an earthquake), wind and water waves, or a tsunami. (IOC, 2008)Seismic sea waveTsunamis are sometimes referred to as seismic sea waves because they are most often generated by earthquakes. (IOC, 2008)Semi-diurnal tidesTides occurring twice daily. There are two high and two lows per tidal day.(Voigt, 1998).shoreline erosionShoreline retreat Progressive movement of the shoreline in a landward direction caused by the composite effect of all storms considered over decades and centuries (expressed as an annual average erosion rate). Shoreline retreat considers the horizontal component of erosion and is relevant to long-term land use decisions and the siting of buildings. (NOAA Coastal Services Center, undated)Significant wave heightThe average height of the one-third highest waves of a given wave group. Also called the characteristic wave height. (IOC 2008). (IOC, 2009)Significant wave heightThe average height of the highest one-third of waves during a short recording interval (typically 1020 minutes). Generally, considered the height that a trained observer would report for a given sea state. Coastal-hazards-climate-change-guidance-manual.pdf]SOISouthern Oscillation Index. An index calculated from anomalies in the pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin. Low negative values of this index correspond to El Nino conditions, and high positive SOI values coincide with La Nina episodes. (Ministry for the Environment, 2008)Spit(1) A long narrow accumulation of sand or shingle, lying generally in line with the COAST, with one end attached to the land the other projecting into the sea or across the mouth of an estuary. See also ness. (2) (SMP) An accretion shoreform which extends seaward from and parallel to the shoreline.(Voigt, 1998).SpitA long and narrow accumulation of sand and/or gravel that projects into a body of ocean water. These features form as the result of the deposition of sediments by longshore drift. [http://Pidwirny (1999)/physgeoglos/s.html]Storm surgeAn abnormal rise in sea level accompanying a hurricane or other intense storm, and whose height is the difference between the observed level of the sea surface and the level that would have occurred in the absence of the cyclone. Storm surge is usually estimated by subtracting the normal or astronomic high tide from the observed storm tide. (NOAA National Hurricane Center, 2010)storm surgeA rise or piling-up of water against shore, produced by strong winds blowing ONSHORE. A storm surge is most severe when it occurs in conjunction with a high tide.(Voigt, 1998).Storm surgeThe temporary increase, at a particular locality, in the height of the sea due to extreme meteorological conditions (low atmospheric pressure and/or strong winds). The storm surge is defined as being the excess above the level expected from the tidal variation alone at that time and place. (IPCC, 2007). (IOC, 2009)Storm surgeThe temporary excess above the level expected from the tidal variation alone at a given time and place. The temporary increase in the height of the sea is caused by extreme meteorological conditions such as low atmospheric pressure and/or strong winds. (Ministry for the Environment, 2008)Storm surgeRise in the water surface above normal water level on the open coast due to the action of wind stress and atmospheric pressure on the water surface. (NOAA Coastal Services Center, undated)Storm tideThe actual level of sea water resulting from the astronomic tide combined with the storm surge. (NOAA National Hurricane Center, 2010)Storm tideThe total elevated sea height at the coast above a datum during a storm combining storm surge and the predicted tide height. Note that wave set-up and wave run-up need to be added to the storm tide level at any locality to get the final storm inundation level. (Ministry for the Environment, 2008)Storm trackStructural measuresStructural measures refer to any physical construction to reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazards, which include engineering measures and construction of hazard-resistant and protective structures and infrastructure. (UN/ISDR, 2004). (IOC, 2009)SusceptibilityThe predeposition to be affected by physical or socioeconomic change, including damage or loss. In these guidelines, susceptibility is taken to be broadly synonymous with vulnerability. (IOC, 2009)Thermal expansionIn connection with sea level, this refers to the increase in volume (and decrease in density) which results from warming water. A warming of the ocean leads to an expansion of the ocean volume and hence an increase in sea level (IPCC, 2007). (IOC, 2009)Tidal excursionMag40Tidal wave1) The wave motion of the tides. 2) Often incorrectly used to describe a tsunami, storm surge, or other unusually high and therefore destructive water levels along a shore that are unrelated to the tides. (IOC, 2008)Tidal wave(1) A wave, in the oceans and seas, produced by tides and tidal currents. (2) Non-technical term in popular usage for an unusually high and destructive water level along a shore. It usually refers to storm surge or tsunami.(Voigt, 1998).Tide gaugeA device at a coastal location (and some deep-sea locations) that continuously measures the level of the sea with respect to the adjacent land. Time averaging of the sea level so recorded gives the observed secular changes of the relative sea level. (IPCC, 2007). (IOC, 2009)Trophic interactionTropical CycloneA warm-core non-frontal synoptic-scale cyclone, originating over tropical or subtropical waters, with organized deep convection and a closed surface wind circulation about a well-defined center. Once formed, a tropical cyclone is maintained by the extraction of heat energy from the ocean at high temperature and heat export at the low temperatures of the upper troposphere. In this they differ from extratropical cyclones, which derive their energy from horizontal temperature contrasts in the atmosphere (baroclinic effects). (NOAA National Hurricane Center, 2010)Tropical depressionA tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speed (using the U.S. 1-minute average) is 33 kt (38 mph or 62 km/hr) or less. (NOAA National Hurricane Center, 2010)Tropical disturbanceA discrete tropical weather system of apparently organized convection -- generally 100 to 300 nmi in diameter -- originating in the tropics or subtropics, having a nonfrontal migratory character, and maintaining its identity for 24 hours or more. It may or may not be associated with a detectable perturbation of the wind field. (NOAA National Hurricane Center, 2010)Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is an example of a satellite designed strictly for research that has turned into a valuable component of many different weather and climate related activities. Launched by NASA and the Japanese space agency in 1997, TRMMs reliable sensors and high-quality measurements provide unique, near real-time data for many different agencies, including the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, the National Center for Environmental Prediction, and the National Hurricane Center. TRMM data have been used in determining hurricane centers and rainfall estimates for flood forecasts and warnings, as well as in routing aircraft across oceans to avoid storm cells. TRMM is expected to continue orbiting until about 2012-2013, or earlier if critical systems fail. NASA plans to launch the Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM) in 2013 to succeed TRMM. Coastal_hazards.pdfTropical stormA tropical cyclone in which the maximum sustained surface wind speed (using the U.S. 1-minute average) ranges from 34 kt (39 mph or 63 km/hr) to 63 kt (73 mph or 118 km/hr). (NOAA National Hurricane Center, 2010)tropical stormTropical waveA trough or cyclonic curvature maximum in the trade-wind easterlies. The wave may reach maximum amplitude in the lower middle troposphere. (NOAA National Hurricane Center, 2010)TsunamiA tsunami is a series of traveling ocean waves of extreme length, generated by rapid changes of the seafloor, mainly caused by earthquakes. Underwater volcanic eruptions and landslides can also generate tsunamis, although these sources are significantly less frequent. As the tsunami crosses the deep ocean, sometimes at speeds exceeding 800 km/h (480 mph), its length from crest to crest may be 100 km (60 miles), but its height in the deep ocean from trough to crest may only be a few tens of centimeters (a few inches or feet), even for a very destructive tsunami. It cannot be felt aboard ships in the open ocean. As the tsunami enters shallow water near coastlines in its path, the velocity of its waves decreases and its wave height increases. It is in these shallow waters that tsunamis become a threat to life and property for they can crest to heights of more than 10 m (30 feet), strike with devastating force, and flood low-lying coastal areas. For more information on tsunamis & their causes, download the International Tsunami Information Centre's (ITIC) publication, Tsunami, the Great Waves. [www.ioc-tsunami.org/content/view/19/1104/]TsunamiTsunamis occur when ocean waters are rapidly displaced on a massive scale, typically because of an earthquake. During a tsunami event, elevated ocean water forms massive waves that flood coastal areas when they reach the shore. The death and destruction that result from tsu- nami events can be catastrophic, such as the aftermath of the tsunami that hit Southeast Asia in December 2004 after an earthquake erupted beneath the Indian Ocean. Hundreds of thou- sands of people died and many more were left homeless (Coastal_hazards.pdf)TsunamiJapanese term meaning wave (nami) in a harbour (tsu). A series of traveling waves of extremely long length and period, usually generated by disturbances associated with earthquakes occurring below or near the ocean floor. (Also called seismic sea wave and, incorrectly, tidal wave). Volcanic eruptions, submarine landslides, and coastal rockfalls can also generate tsunamis, as can a large meteorite impacting the ocean. These waves may reach enormous dimensions and travel across entire ocean basins with little loss of energy. They proceed as ordinary gravity waves with a typical period between 10 and 60 minutes. Tsunamis steepen and increase in height on approaching shallow water, inundating low-lying areas, and where local submarine topography causes the waves to steepen, they may break and cause great damage. Tsunamis have no connection with tides; the popular name, tidal wave, is entirely misleading. (IOC, 2008)TsunamiLarge ocean wave created from an earthquake or volcanic eruption. Open ocean wave height may be as high as 1 meter. When entering shallow coastal waters, land configuration can amplify waves to heights of over 15 meters. [http://Pidwirny (1999)/physgeoglos/t.html]Tsunami forerunner[A series of oscillations of the water level preceding the arrival of the main waves. ioc3.unesco.org/itic/files/tsunami_glossary_small.pdf]Tsunami resonanceThe continued reflection and interference of tsunami waves from the edge of a harbour or narrow bay which can cause amplification of the wave heights, and extend the duration of wave activity from a tsunami. (IOC, 2008)TsunamigenicCapable of generating a tsunami. For example: a tsunamigenic earthquake, a tsunamigenic landslide. (IOC, 2008)UpwellingThe movement of nutrient-rich deep seawater to the ocean's surface. (Pidwirny, 1999)Vigour of ecosystemIs concerned with the productivity of the ecosystem and relates tot he energy flows within it and the interaction of the organizational components. Particular attention must be given to primary productivity, which is the basis of marine food chains, as well as to measures dealing with size (e.g. biomass) and species reproductive capacity. (IOC, 2006), p.31Wave crest1) The highest part of a wave. 2) That part of the wave above still water level. (IOC, 2008)Wave run-upThe ultimate height reached by waves (storm or tsunami) after running up the beach and coastal barrier (see also wave set-up). (Ministry for the Environment, 2008)Wave run-upRush of wave water up a slope or structure. (NOAA Coastal Services Center, undated)Wave set-upThe super-elevation in water level across the surf zone caused by energy expended by breaking waves (see also wave run-up). (Ministry for the Environment, 2008) Literature Anderson, Donald M. (2007): The Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Research and Management. IOC Technical Series 74, UNESCO 2007. (English only). IOC/2007/TS/74. Intergovernmental Oceanic Commission (IOC) (2006): A handbook for measuring the progress and outcomes of integrated coastal and ocean management. IOC Manuals and Guides, 46; ICAM Dossier, 2. Paris UNESCO, 2006 (English). Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) (2008): Tsunami Glossary, 2008. Paris, UNESCO. IOC Technical Series, 85. (English.) http://ioc3.unesco.org/itic/files/tsunami_glossary_small.pdf Intergovernmental Oceanic Commission (IOC) (2009): Hazard Awareness and Risk Mitigation in Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICAM). IOC Manual and Guides No. 50, ICAM Dossier No. 5, Paris, UNESCO (English). FEMA (2003): Guidelines and Specifications for Flood Hazard Mapping Partners. Glossary. 26 pp. , April 30, 2010. frm_gsgl.pdf FEMA (2004): Guidelines and Specifications for Flood Hazard Mapping Partners [November 2004]. , April 30, 2010. Kairu, K. and Nyandwi, N. (editors) (2000): Guidelines for the Study of Shoreline Change in the Western Indian Ocean Region IOC Manuals and Guides No. 40. UNESCO 2000 (English). NOAA Coastal Services Center (undated): Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Tool (RVAT) Glossary. , April 30, 2010. NOAA National Hurricane Center (last modified 2010): Glossary of National Hurricane Center Terms. , April 30, 2010. Ministry for the Environment (2008): Coastal Hazards and Climate Change. A Guidance Manual for Local Government in New Zealand. 2nd edition. Revised by Ramsay, D, and Bell, R. (NIWA). Prepared for Ministry for the Environment. viii+127 p. [Coastal-hazards-climate-change-guidance-manual.pdf] Pidwirny, Michael (1999): Physical Geography.net Glossary of Terms. , April 30, 2010. Richardson, K. (1997): Harmful or Exceptional Phytoplankton Blooms in the Marine Ecosystem. Advances in Marine Biology [Adv. Mar. Biol.]. Vol. 31, pp. 301-385. 1997. The National Academies (2000): El Nio and La Nia: Tracing the Dance of Ocean and Atmosphere. Washington, National Academy of Sciences. 8pp. elnino_PDF.pdf Twigg, John (2007): Disaster reduction terminology: a common-sense approach. Humanitarian Exchange Magazine, Issue 38, 2-5. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) (last modified 2010a): Coastal Classification Mapping Project Coastal Classifications. , April 30, 2010. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) (last modified 2010b): Water Science Glossary of Terms. , April 30, 2010. Voigt, Brian (1998): Glossary of coastal terminology. NOAA Coastal Service Center Publication No. 98-105. Washington State Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA 98504-7600. http://www.csc.noaa.gov/text/glossary.html ANNEX IV TOWS-WG Task Teams and Regional ICG TWS Working Groups and Task Teams, May 2010 TOWS-WG Task TeamsPTWS WGs and TTsIOTWS WGs and TTsCARIB WGsNEAMTWS WGs/TTsTT1 Sea LevelWG1 Risk assessment and reductionWG1 Risk assessment and reductionWG1 Monitoring and detection; warning guidanceWG1 Hazard assessment and modellingTT2 Disaster Management and PreparednessWG2 Detection, warning and disseminationWG2 Detection, warning and disseminationWG2 Hazard risk assessment and researchWG2 Seismic and geophysical measurementsTT3 Tsunami Watch OperationsWG3 Awareness and responseWG3 Awareness and responseWG3 Warning, dissemination and communicationWG3 Sea-level data collection and exchangeWG4 Readiness and resilienceWG4 Public awareness, pre-paredness and mitigationTT on Pacific wave exerciseTT on Indian Ocean wave exerciseTT on Regional Tsunami Warning Syst. ArchitectureTT on Pacific Emergency CommunicationsTT on Regional Tsunami Watch ProvidersTT on Communication Test Exercises ANNEX V IOC TSUNAMI UNIT: TRANSITION FROM CONSOLIDATION TO OPERATION Background: In 1965 the IOC in response to the Chile Earthquake of May 1960 and tsunami established the current Pacific Tsunami Warning System PTWS (formerly ITSU) at the Fourth Session of the IOC Assembly (3-12 November 1965) through Resolution IV-6. The tsunami programme until 2004 found little visibility and support. After the Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004 the IOC Executive Secretary immediately ensured that IOCs mandate for the Pacific was extended to all oceans. The experience of the IOC served as an important and essential asset to develop, agree and establish similar systems in all oceans. Focussed on the Indian Ocean all resources made available were directed towards this goal. Since 2006 the required structures, cooperation mechanisms and standards have been developed that serve to support member states in establishing national tsunami warning systems that contribute to a system of nationally owned systems. At the request to the IOC to report on the status of the implementation of UNESCO 33C/Res36: The IOC Assembly in June 2007 with Resolution XXIV-14 established the Tsunamis and other Ocean Hazards warning and Mitigation Systems (TOWS-WG). The IOC General Assembly XXIII in Paris, 21-30 June, 2006 had confirmed this global initiative by creating three additional regional Intergovernmental Coordination Groups (ICGs) as primary subsidiary bodies of IOC. Together with the Intergovernmental Coordination Group for the existing Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific PTWS, the new ICGs developed systems for the Indian Ocean (IOTWS) Northeast Atlantic, Mediterranean and Adjacent Seas (NEAMTWS), and the Caribbean (CARIBE EWS). Jointly, supported by other relevant UN bodies such as i.e. UNDP, UNEP, ISDR, WMO and the World Bank, they are building blocks to form a global system of early warning systems for tsunami and other ocean- related hazards. After having established in 2005 under the same governance structure four ocean Tsunami Warnings Systems by IOC Resolution XXIII-12, -13, -14, the IOC now has in place a mechanism to co-ordinate the global coverage to warn from and mitigate ocean-related hazards. With this decision the IOC has taken on the global leadership in ocean-related disaster and mitigation issues. With its over 40 years experience with the end-to-end Pacific Tsunami Warning System PTWS, the IOC now has been able to transfer this performance into all other oceans, and thus co-ordinate the global cover. The IOC Assembly in its Medium-Term Strategy (IOC-XXIV/2 Annex 5), established the High-level Objective 1 Prevention and Reduction of the Impacts of Natural Hazards with budgetary implications for the IOC Biennial Strategy 2008-2009 (XXIV-2). For the biennium 2010 2011 the MLA 4 Strengthening the UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) and broadening the scope of its activities for the benefit of all Member States: improving governance and fostering intergovernmental cooperation to manage and protect oceans and coastal zones together with the SPO Strategic Programme Objective (SPO) 5: Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation are the guiding objectives of the entire Tsunami Programme, specifying as expected results Risks from tsunami and other ocean and coastal-related hazards reduced, with special emphasis on particularly vulnerable regions in Africa, LDCs and SIDS Mandate: The following resolutions provide the directives by which the IOCs tsunami programme is guided. It serves mainly to assist and coordinate operational early warning systems. Research and development components have been defined in cooperation with other relevant bodies that provide the appropriate expertise and resources. IOC: PTWS: Resolution IV-6 IOTWS, NEAMTWS, CARIBE-EWS Resolution XXIII-12, -13, -14 TOWS_WG: Resolution XXIV-14 UNESCO: 33C/Res36 UN General Assembly: UN61/132 IOTWS UN62/91 TWFP European Union (EU) for NEAMTWS: Council Conclusions of December 2007 (15473/07) on the development and establishment of Early Warning Systems in the EU Council Conclusions of December 2007 (15479/07) on the establishment of an Early Warning System for tsunamis in the North East Atlantic and the Mediterranean region Council Conclusions on Reinforcing the Union's Disaster Response Capacity towards an integrated approach to managing disasters of June 2008 (7562/08) The UN General Assembly still needs to confirm the IOCs global mandate; so far it explicitly only addresses the Indian Ocean system (IOTWS) and the mechanism of nominating Tsunami National Contacts TNCs and Tsunami Warning Focal Points TWFPs. Organization of the Tsunami Warning Systems The PTWS was coordinated by an International Coordination Group, reporting to the IOC Assembly, until 2006. In 2006 its governance was brought in line with the now established Intergovernmental Coordination Groups ICGs. Each ICG has its own Working Groups to develop and define technical aspects of the TWS. The initial Working Group structures reflected a wide range of interested partners and potential contributors. This led to diverging interests, directions and priorities. The Working Group on Tsunamis and Other Hazards Related to Sea-Level Warning and Mitigation Systems (TOWS-WG) has been established under the IOC Assembly to Advise on coordinated development and implementation activities on warning and mitigation systems for tsunamis and other hazards related to sea level of common priority to all ICG/TWSs. It thus ensures the coherence of all systems, and their approach to a multi-hazard concept to ultimately provide a global cover for ocean-related hazards. TOWS-WG ensures the cooperation with other IOC programmes, WMO and UN bodies. Instigated by recommendations of TOWS-WG, the initial Working Group Structure of all ICGs has been reviewed and is being revised by the respective ICGs. It now focuses stronger on ICG-specific solutions and regional implementation issues, and contributes to global aspects under TOWS-WG. All four ICGs as primary subsidiary bodies of IOC report directly to the IOC Assembly, they are supported by ICG/Secretariats to be established in the region. The formal nomination of national Tsunami Warning Focal Points (TWFP) and Tsunami National Contacts (TNC) ensures unique entry points to member states and their responsible designated agency. UNGA Resolution UNGA62/91 confirms this approach. All ICGs serve as the integrating vehicle for supporting the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disaster. Support by the IOC Secretariat The IOC Executive Secretary has been requested by several IOC Resolutions to provide secretarial support to the ICGs, preferably in the region. Therefore Technical Secretaries serve the ICGs, regionally located when possible. The Tsunami Unit serves as the central focal point for IOCs tsunami activities. At HQ and throughout the regionally based offices it maintains the links to all IOC programmes, and assembles unique and overall expertise in all tsunami matters. It maintains central web-based information resources for documents and material, especially in serving the ICGs. It is the unique and recognized group to provide succinct and impartial information on tsunami events to IOC Officers, member states, UNESCO and others. More recently there is an increase in the request for assessment missions to support member states and provide technical assistance in the establishment and development of national tsunami warning centres and systems. Budget and Finances The IOCs budget for the Tsunami Programme has seen an impressive development, reflecting the need to urgently establish TWSs and move to operationality. For 2004 it still reflects the perception of member states in the Regular Budget RP. Since 2005 it has grown with the direct support for starting to establish four TWS systems. The RB has since been raised from 49kUS$ to 360kUS$ for the biennium 2010 2011 (35C/5). Nevertheless the Tsunami Programme still depends on considerable extrabudgetary resources EB. To certain extend this forges strong links between the Programme and potential donors to highlight the need for TWSs, and establish them as an important part of Early Warning Systems. Single activities such as workshops, training courses funded by EB resources require staff support that is not included in these grants. This staff support has to be part of other substantial EB funds that require considerable efforts to acquire. The level of required EB funding, mainly covers staff at HQ and the Secretariats running the ICGs and their Working Group structure, and their respective activities. One off funding is required for developing standards, and their adoption and subsequent publication. IOC/TSUBudget overview in kUS$BienniaYearRPEB32C/5200449nil2005496 89533C/52006272 2902007272 59234C/52008853 3082009852 17635C/520101802 1252011180Summary of TSU budget development, both RB and EB TSU Staff Development Staff of the TSU serves largely as secretarial support to the ICGs, coordination with IOC Programmes and Member States, liaison with other UN and non-UN organizations and to provide unique expertise. The table below summarizes the staff requirements and is broken down in to RB, EB and unfunded positions. P-staffEBRBStill unfunded9 total required711G-staff7 total required412 Staff requirements largely are defined by the terms of reference for the ICG Secretariats and by HQ functions. In the built-up of the new TWSs the ICG support was wide ranging, and meeting support extensive. Cross-cutting technical expertise and advice was also needed for each ICG. This effort has been reduced by the revision of the Working Group structure, and subsequently the technical and secretarial support they require and by drawing on in-house support such as by the GLOSS Technical Secretary and growing interactions with ICAM and JCOMM. The ICG Secretariats support the ICGs and their Working Groups; they serve as antennas in the region for the TSU and the IOC Secretariat at HQ and partially maintain specific regional functions to liaise with regional bodies, At HQ staff serves in a coordinating role and for providing specific technical and scientific advice. Staffing policy develops towards a few professionals with fixed term contracts and permanent positions to secure full IOC Secretariat compatibility and professional and general staff on an ALD or limited term basis to create the opportunity for member states to second or provide staff in order to forge close links with the tsunami programme. The TICs as a part of an end-to-end Tsunami Warning System, serve as an information resource from which the government agencies, donor countries, public and private stakeholders, NGOs and INGOs, and the general public can draw valuable advice, information and help in implementing tsunami safety measures to saving life and property. The centers have also enhanced capacities for action and planning by public authorities in the countries affected and improved public confidence and security . Although under the supervision of the TSU, the TICs are developing towards their own administrative and organizational structure. This takes note of the regional requirements, and constraints, and accommodates potential donor requirements. Here the interaction with and supervision of the TSU will be mainly in an advisory function. The TICs are part of the TSU and its ICG Secretariats, so that the TSU can jointly develop this resource and report on plans and prospects of these important elements of the TWS downstream component. Regular Budget and Extrabudgetary Resources Since the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 the IOC Secretariat has been provided with extrabudgetary funds from a variety of donors for a variety of activities. They mirror the general concern and willingness to learn from the Indian Ocean tsunami event and implement measures to minimize such impact on coastal communities. CONTRIBUTIONS TO IOC TSUNAMI PROGRAMME2005DonorSpecial AccountFund-in-TrustTotalIsrael9 7949 794USA46 00046 000Korea1 0001 000France24 70524 705Finland1 722 5461 722 546Germany332 926429 412762 338Australia194 670194 670ISDR1 941 8661 941 866Italy121 065121 065Ireland600 960600 960Norway1 470 7421 470 742TOTAL2 331 6424 564 0456 895 6872006DonorSpecial AccountFund-in-TrustTotalVassar College505505WMO18 75118 751Israel5 0005 000Canada22 329262 927285 256USA20 00020 000Korea1 0001 000Geohazards Intl1 0001 000UNDP60 00060 000ISDR1 442 9121 442 912Norway381 384381 384France38 26538 265Czech Republic36 37936 379TOTAL143 2292 147 2232 290 4522007DonorSpecial AccountFund-in-TrustTotalVassar College225225USA260 000260 000Israel10 00010 000New Zealand10 09710 097UNEP21 40021 400UNESCAP100 000100 000Spain37 73937 739Italy1 251 6441 251 644Belgium233 626233 626Germany212 350212 350Australia455 312455 312TOTAL1 181 6091 410 7832 592392 2008DonorSpecial AccountFund-in-TrustTotalFrance15 55215 552USA40 00040 000Israel10 00010 000Korea980980Germany50 51850 518Australia568 132568 132UNESCAP194 730194 730ISDR188 162188 162Norway1 568 3181 568 318Japan481 872481 872Canada189 356189 356TOTAL685 1822 622 4383 3076202009 (provisional as at 01.10.2009)DonorSpecial AccountFund-in-TrustTotalAustralia 383 412  383 412 UNESCAP/SOP 150 000  150 000 Ireland 40 348  40 348 EU 561 674  561 674 UNESCAP/Makran 220 865  220 865 Oman TEWS 819 869  819 869 TOTAL 383 412  1 792 756  2 176 167 GRAND TOTAL 17 262 318  Below the EB provided by donors is listed for the period 20052009 CONTRIBUTIONS TO IOC TSUNAMI PROGRAMMEby COUNTRYJapan481 872,00Israel34 794,44USA366 000,00Republic of Korea2 980,00France78 522,37Finland1 722 546,00Germany1 025 206,29Australia1 601 525,98Italy1 372 709,00Ireland641 308,00Norway3 420 443,42Canada474 611,82Czech Republic36 378,52New Zealand10 096,50Belgium233 625,76Spain37 739,00Oman TEWS819 869,00UNEP21 400,00UNDP60 000,00WMO18 751,46UN-ISDR3 572 939,77UNESCAP444 730,00UN-ESCAP Makran220 865,00EU561 673,53other*1 730,00TOTAL17 262 317,86*small non-governmental donorsReceived contributions to the TSU for the period 2005 2009 listed per donor, summed for the entire period. 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Primary objective, though, is that the TWS are operational systems and their success relies on using standardized procedures and process. Interaction with other UN Organizations UNESCO UNESCO provides a unique environment to address cultural, language and educational issues raised by the ICGs. IOCs tsunami programme has provided high visibility to UNESCO. WMO WMO provides technical support and infrastructure to the TWSs. The main support is on the communications side via the Global Telecommunications System GTS and its imminent replacement WIS. CTBTO The CTBTO under mutually beneficiary Resolutions of the governing bodies of IOC and CTBTO in February 2005 made the IMS data of CTBTO available to Tsunami Warning Centres established under the IOC mandate and being member states of the CTBTO. In 2010 a MoU was signed between CTBTO and UNESCO to formalize these agreements and extended to joint training for TWS staff, including joint support for TWSs services. ISDR (International Strategy for Disaster Reduction) ISDR and IOC have been collaborating very closely in the interpretation the Hyogo Framework of Action and the implementation of appropriate and relevant activities. From the programmatic side and with available staff support this has been very effective. The support of the Clinton Consortium with focus on establishing national tsunami warning systems in the Indian Ocean has led to close interaction between the three partners. ISDR has been particularly supportive in making its expertise and local or regional knowledge available to formulate and implement downstream activities using a common background. ANNEX VI LIST OF PARTICIPANTS TOWS-WG MEMBERS CHAIRPERSON Mr Sang-Kyung BYUN Principal Researcher Climate Change and Coastal Disaster Research Department Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI) Ansan P.O. Box 29 425-600 Seoul Korea Rep Tel: 81-31-400-6127 Fax: 81-31-408-5829 Email: skbyun@kordi.re.kr ICG/CARIBE-EWS Dr Lorna INNISS Deputy Director Coastal Zone Management Unit Bay Street St. Michael Barbados Tel: +246 228-5950 Fax: +246 228-5956 Email: linniss@coastal.gov.bb ICG/NEAMTWS Mr Franois SCHINDELE Chairman, ICG/NEAMTWS CEA/DASE Bruyre Le Chtel 91297 Arpajon cedex France Tel: (33 1) 69 26 50 63 Fax: (33 1) 69 26 70 85 Email: francois.schindele@cea.fr ICAM Group of Experts on Coastal Hazards Mr Russell ARTHURTON Coastal Geoscience 5a Church Lane Grimston Melton Mowbray Leics LE14 3BY United Kingdom Tel: +44-1664-810024 Email: r.arthurton@talktalk.net United States of America Mr Arthur PATERSON Deputy Director, International Program Office National Ocean Service Rm 5641 SSMC 3 1315 East West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910 United States Tel: +1 301 713 3078 Fax: 301-713-4263 Email: arthur.e.paterson@noaa.gov WMO Mr Edgard CABRERA Chief, Ocean Affairs Division World Meteorological Organization 7bis, avenue de la Paix Case Postale 2300 1211 Geneva Switzerland Tel: +41 22 730 82 37 Fax: +41 22 730 81 28 E-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:ecabrera@wmo.int" ecabrera@wmo.int CTBTO Spiro SPILIOPOULOS Preparatory Commission for the CTBTO Provisional Technical Secretariat Vienna International Centre PO Box 1200 A-1400 Vienna Austria Tel. +43 1 60306512 Spilio.spiliopoulos@ctbto.org INVITED EXPERTS Begoa PEREZ GOMEZ Puertos del Estado Avda. del Partenn 10 Campo de las Naciones 28042 Madrid Spain Email: bego@puertos.es Mr Srinivasa Kumar TUMMALA Head, ASG & In-charge, National Tsunami Warning Centre Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India "Ocean Valley" P.B. 21, IDA, Jeedimetla P.O. Hyderabad 500 055 India Tel: +91 40 23895006 +91 40 23886006 Fax: +91 40 23895001 Email: srinivas@incois.gov.in Ms Irina RAFLIANA Coordinator Community Preparedness Program (COMPRESS) -LIPI Research Center for Oceanography; Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia) Jl. Raden Saleh No. 43 Jakarta Pusat 10330 Jakarta Indonesia Tel: +62 813 10332282 Fax: +62 21 3901214 Email: irina_rafliana@hotmail.com Prof Mario RUIVO Portuguese Committee for IOC Av. Infante Santo - 42/4th Floor 1350 Lisbon Portugal Email: cointersec.presid@fct.mctes.pt IOC SECRETARIAT Mr. Bernardo ALIAGA Technical Secretary ICG-CARIBE-EWS IOC Tsunami Unit Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) 1 Rue Miollis 75732 Pars, France Tel: (33) 1 456 83 980 Fax: (33) 1 456 85 810 E-mail: b.aliaga@unesco.org Mr Tony ELLIOTT Head of ICG/IOTWS Secretariat, IOC Perth Regional Programme Office c/o Bureau of Meteorology PO Box 1370, West Perth 1100 Hay Street Perth WA 6872 Australia Tel: +61 8 9226 0191 Fax: +61 8 9263 2211 E-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:t.elliott@unesco.org" t.elliott@unesco.org Thomas GROSS Programme Specialist Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO 1 rue Miollis 75732 Paris cedex 15 France Tel: +33 1 45 68 39 92 Fax: +33 1 45 68 58 12 Email: t.gross@unesco.org Dr Peter KOLTERMANN Head of Section, Tsunami Unit Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO 1 rue Miollis 75732 Paris cedex 15 France Tel: +33 1 45 68 40 15 Fax: +33 1 45 68 58 10 E-mail:  HYPERLINK "mailto:p.koltermann@unesco.org" p.koltermann@unesco.org OBSERVERS Hugo ALMEIDA Gabinete do Secretrio de Estado da Proteco Civil Praa do Comrcio Ala Oriental 1149-018 Lisboa Lisboa Portugal Tel: + 351 21 323 2259 Fax: + 351 21 886 3795 Email: hugo.almeida@mai.gov.pt Prof Maria Ana BAPTISTA Professor 1700 Lisboa Portugal Tel: +351217500809 Email: mavbaptista@gmail.com Fernando CARRILHO Head of Seismology Department Instituto de Meteorologia Rua C - Aeroporto de Lisboa 1749-077 Lisbon Portugal Email: fernando.carrilho@meteo.pt Lus MATIAS Portugal Email: lmatias@fc.ul.pt Dr. Frederico NASCIMENTO Chefe da Diviso do SPM/DGPE Ministrio dos Negcios Estrangeiros Largo do Rilvas 1350-179 Lisboa Lisboa Portugal Tel: + 351 21 394 6590 Fax: + 351 21 394 6073 Email: frederico.nascimento@mne.pt Patrcia PIRES Chefe do Ncleo de Riscos e Alerta Autoridade Nacional de Proteco Civil, Headquarters Av do Forte em Carnaxide 2794-12 Carnaxide Portugal Email: patricia.pires@prociv.pt Prof Teresa De Jesus LOPES FERREIRA Centro de Vulcanologia e Avaliao de Riscos Geolgicos, Universidade dos Aores Edifcio do Complexo Cientfico, Ala Sul, 3 Andar Rua Me de Deus Ponta Delgada Aores Portugal Tel: + 351 296 650 147 Fax: + 351 296 650 142 Email: teresa.jl.ferreira@azores.gov.pt LCDR Jos ONOFRE Head of Oceanography Division 1249-093 Lisbon Portugal Tel: +351 210943042 Fax: +351 210943299 Email: mesquita.onofre@hidrografico.pt ANNEX Vii list of acronyms CARIBE-EWSTsunami and other Coastal Hazards Warning System for the Caribbean and Adjacent RegionsCTBTOComprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organisation DBCPData Buoy Cooperation PanelGLOSS Global Sea-Level Observing SystemGOOSGlobal Ocean Observing SystemGTS Global Telecommunication SystemICAM Integrated Coastal Area Management ProgrammeICGIntergovernmental Coordination GroupI-GOOSIntergovernmental IOC-WMO-UNEP Committee for GOOSIHOInternational Hydrographic Office IPHABIntergovernmental Panel on Harmful Algal Blooms (IPHAB)IODEIOC International Oceanographic Data and Information ExchangeIOTWSIntergovernmental Coordination Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation SystemISDRUn International Strategy for Disaster ReductionJCOMMWMO-IOC Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine MeteorologyNEAMTWSTsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System in the North-Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and Connected SeasNTWC National Tsunami Warning CenterNTWFPNational Tsunami Warning Focal PointPTWSPacific Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (formerly ITSU)RTWCRegional Tsunami Warning CentreTSUTsunami Coordination UnitTOWS-WGWorking Group on Tsunamis and Other Hazards Related to Sea-Level Warning and Mitigation SystemsTWFP Tsunami Warning Focal PointTWSTsunami Warning SystemWGWorking GroupWMOWorld Meteorological Organization ( This document contains an executive summary in English, French, Spanish and Russian     UNESCO UNESCO 2010 IOC/TOWS-WG-II/3 page ( PAGE ii) IOC/Future-I/3 page ( PAGE vi) page IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 page ( PAGE i) IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 page  PAGE iv IOC/ TOWS-WG-III/3 ANNEX IV I IOC/TOWS-WG-I/3 Annex II IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 page ( PAGE 10) IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 page ( PAGE ix) IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 page ( PAGE iii) IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 page  PAGE 11 IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 IOC/ TOWS-WG-III/3 ANNEX IV IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 Annex I IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 Annex II page  PAGE 30 IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 Annex II page  PAGE 29 IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 Annex II IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 Annex III page  PAGE 2 IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 Annex III IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 Annex IV IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 Annex V page  PAGE 10 IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 Annex V page  PAGE 11 IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 Annex V IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 Annex VI IOC/TOWS-WG-III/3 Annex VI - page  PAGE 2 IOC/ TOWS-WG-III/3 Annex VI - page  PAGE 3 IOC-XX/? Annex ___ - page  PAGE 8 IOC-XX/? 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