ࡱ> #` 0Ibjbj\.\. >D>D>x***4^ƖƖƖh.Lz^FVBBp" $h*4ßßß*8*ßß&m*M6 IX|ƖŜdyL 0FM*M, Zz@4 7j F^^^I"PF^^^"P^^^  Second Session of the JCOMM Observations Coordination Group WMO Headquarters, Geneva, 23-25 April 2007 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WAVE OBSERVATIONS (Agenda Item 4.7) Submitted by the WMO Secretariat This document is also submitted to the SOT-IV meeting, Geneva, 16-21 April 2007. Action proposed: The OCG in invited to: (i) take the DBCP recommendations into account, and particularly (a) to address the broader issues in terms of technological development and implementation, including wave measurements from Ocean Sites, Argo, drifters, Triton/TAO/PIRATA and shipboard systems, and (b) to liaise with the ETWS and OOPC on wave data requirement issues; (ii) consider the ETWS requirements. 1. Data Buoy Cooperation Panel (DBCP) 1.1. Requirements for wave observations were discussed at the twenty-second session of the DBCP, La Jolla, October 2006. Mr Val Swail, Chairperson of the JCOMM Expert Team on Wind Waves and Storm Surge (ETWS), a component of the JCOMM Services Programme Area (SPA), made a presentation to the Panel on the requirement of the SPA for enhanced high-quality, long-term wave measurements in the global oceans in support of Maritime Safety Services. 1.2. It was noted that the vast majority of existing wave measurements were made in the coastal margins of North America and western Europe, with a huge data void in most of the rest of the global ocean, particularly in the southern ocean and the tropics, while other existing observational systems have often considerable coverage in these areas. The primary requirement identified was for additional wave measurements comprising, at a minimum, significant wave height, peak period and 1-D spectra, hourly in real-time, for assimilation into coupled atmosphere-ocean wave models for real-time forecasting activities, and subsequent verification. In particular, the present wave forecast verification exchange activity carried out under ETWS guidance by eight national centres, in support of maritime safety services, provided a mechanism for quality assurance of the national wave forecast models contributing to safety of life at sea, ship routing, Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), etc. Other requirements expressed for additional wave measurements included: calibration/validation of satellite wave sensors; description of the ocean wave climate and its variability on seasonal to decadal time scales; the role of waves in the coupled ocean-atmosphere system, and their inclusion in weather and climate models. 1.3. The DBCP recognised the requirement for additional high-quality wave measurements in under-sampled areas of the world oceans in support of the SPAs activities in the area of Maritime Safety Services, and agreed to: recommend adding wave measurements to the DBCP Implementation Strategy [Action]; invite buoy operators and Panel Members to increase wave measurements, particularly from open ocean areas, in the Southern Ocean, and the tropics [Recommendation]; invite the DBCP Evaluation Group to address wave measurement technology issues and to communicate with the ETWS and OOPC on user requirements [Recommendation]; make recommendations to the JCOMM/OCG (a) to address the broader issues in terms of technological development and implementation, including wave measurements from Ocean Sites, Argo, drifters, Triton/TAO/PIRATA and shipboard systems, and (b) to liaise with the ETWS and OOPC on wave data requirement issues [Recommendation]. 1.4 The Panel urged the ETWS to work with the JCOMM Observations Programme Area, through its component groups and sub-groups including DBCP, to put forward a more detailed set of requirements for additional high-quality wave measurements as soon as possible, and to transmit those requirements through the SPA Coordination Group to the OCG for further action [Action]. 2. Expert Team on Wind Waves and Storm surges (ETWS) 2.1 At the Second Session of the JCOMM Expert Team on wind Waves and Storm Surges, Geneva, Swizerland, 20-24 March 2007, the Rapporteur for Operational Ocean Forecasting Systems, Dr Adrian Hines, presented a draft requirement for surface wave observations for wave forecast modelling and related activities. The requirements document is expected to include both the current requirement, and the foreseen requirement in the medium to long-term (next 5-10 years). Dr Hines emphasised that this document should present the requirements for observations, without addressing the availability or otherwise of suitable technical solutions to deliver those observations. 2.2 The ETWS agreed that the requirements document consists of a brief description of the applications for which the data are required followed by the table of requirements that specifies requirements for temporal and spatial sampling, accuracy and timeliness. For each of these, a minimum (the value below which the observation does not yield any significant benefit for the application in question) and a maximum (the value above which no further significant benefits would be obtained) requirement would be specified. Dr Hines emphasised the need for the ETWS to provide input into the requirements document. 2.3 Dr Hines presented a summary of the priorities and issues for five application areas: (i) assimilation into offshore wave forecast models; (ii) validation of wave forecast models; (iii) calibration / validation of satellite wave sensors; (iv) ocean wave climate and variability; and (v) the role of waves in coupling. The different nature of the final application area was noted, and it was proposed to separate this requirement from the others as these all require routine monitoring activities. 2.4 The draft table of requirements was then presented and discussed. During the discussion the following points were agreed: At the request of the Secretariat, there was agreement to add a further table to the observations requirements to set out their implications in terms of in situ network and satellite sampling; Due to the large number of entries in the table of observations requirements; this table should be completed and included as an Annex to this report, as well as, placed on the SPA website. ETWS members agreed to provide Dr Hines with their input to the document (Action: ETWS members); The need to flag additional observations requirements, for example for spatial data (e.g. through wide swath wave height data or coastal HF radar) and for coastal observations, was noted. Differences between buoy systems (JB Action to report of Jean on thithis report to the the Group) 2.5 The provisional Surface Wave Observation Requirement document is provided in Appendix A. The updated document with the above revisions incorporated will be included in the final report of ETWS-II and circulated to SOT and OCG before 13 April (Action: Dr Thomas Bruns, Dr Jean Bidlot, Dr Adrian Hines, Dr Hendrik Tolman, Mr Jean-Michell Lefevre and Mr Graham Warren). Appendix A provisional Surface Wave Observation Requirement document (new updated version to be provided to the SOT and the OCG by 12 April 2007) 1. Introduction 1.1 The purpose of this document is to specify the requirements for surface wave observations that arise from offshore wave forecast modelling and related activities. The purpose of this document is to include both the current requirement, and the foreseen requirement in the medium to long-term (next 5-10 years). The requirement has been prepared in consultation with the JCOMM Expert Team on Wind Waves and Storm Surges (ETWS). 1.2 It should be noted that this document presents the requirements for observations, without addressing the availability or otherwise of suitable technical solutions to deliver those observations. The technical solution best able to meet the requirements will depend upon the variety of observing platforms available with consideration of practicalities and costs. 1.3 The observation requirements are presented as follows: firstly, a brief description of the applications for which the data are required is given, including indications of any particular issues or priorities relating to the application. Secondly, the table of requirements is specified. Within the table, the requirements for temporal and spatial sampling, accuracy and timeliness are specified. In each case, two values are provided: Min: the value below which the observation does not yield any significant benefit for the application in question; Max: the value above which no further significant benefits would be obtained. 1.4 For applications with other quantitative requirements of particular importance, these additional requirements are noted in the table. 2. Applications 2.1 The applications included within the scope of this document, are those related to offshore wave forecast modelling. Particular applications are: Assimilation into offshore wave forecast models 2.2 This application includes assimilation into both global and regional scale offshore wave models, and the requirements can be sub-divided accordingly. Assimilation is currently largely based around the use of satellite observations. Altimeter wave height observations provide the most straightforward data set to use, and would generally be used alongside associated wind speed observations. The SAR derived wave spectra can also be used, but present more technical challenges. In situ measurements are currently too sparse in the open ocean to be of particular value, but could potentially provide higher accuracy observations to complement (and correct for biases in) the satellite observations. 2.3 The requirements for observations for assimilation are dependent upon the resolution of the models employed, with a need to constrain model evolution across the model grid, and in particular, a need for sufficient resolution to capture the synoptic scales. Current global model resolutions are typically of the order of 30-100km, with regional model resolutions down to 3-4km (with a natural progression to higher resolution expected). The real-time nature of the assimilation application, together with the rapid response time of sea state parameters to changes in winds makes timeliness a priority. Validation of wave forecast models 2.4 The requirements for validation are closely related to those for assimilation, though with greater emphasis on accuracy, and more relaxed timeliness requirements. In situ buoy data are currently the key data source for validation, due to their accuracy, and the availability of spectral data. However, spatial sampling of buoy data does not currently meet the requirement for validation of offshore wave models, and in consequence, altimeter data are also widely used for validation of point data. 2.5 Again, requirements are dependent upon model resolution, though the required sampling is less dense than is required for assimilation. The key requirement, however, is to ensure that the sampling is sufficient to include a representative sample of different physical regimes globally. There is a strong requirement for improved coverage of high quality spectral observations. Calibration / validation of satellite wave sensors 2.6 Whilst the satellite instruments clearly have the potential to provide observations with synoptic global coverage, the quality and usability of these observations is dependent upon good calibration of the satellite sensors. This can only be achieved through use of a sufficiently dense network of accurate in situ measurements. Point data are required for the validation of altimeter wave measurements, whilst spectral data are required for use with the SAR derived wave spectra. 2.7 Sampling requirements are similar to those for validation of forecast models, with the additional consideration that buoy observations located along satellite ground tracks would be of particular value. Accuracy is of greater importance than timeliness for this application. Ocean wave climate and variability 2.8 Determination of ocean wave climate requires a long time series of stable data, with sufficient sampling to capture the physical regimes of the global ocean. This application therefore involves additional requirements: stability and sustainability of the observing platform. In situ measurements provide the natural source for such a time series of data, though the open ocean in situ sampling is currently inadequate for this purpose. Satellite observations can provide complementary information, but cannot be used in isolation without the in situ observations. Timeliness is not a consideration for this application. Role of waves in coupling 2.9 Investigation of the role of waves in coupling requires collocated observations of a wider range of parameters than is required for the other observations, most notably air-sea flux measurements. Spatial sampling could be restricted to a small number of open ocean locations to allow processes to be studied in detail. Again, timeliness is not a consideration for this application. 2.10 This application differs from the other applications in that the work in this area is generally focussed around dedicated process studies, rather than routine monitoring. Hence the requirements are more specific to particular studies, and in general are not likely to be addressed by the same platforms as the routine observation requirements. Annex to Appendix A TABLE OF REQUIREMENTS ApplicationParameterUnitAreaHorizontal Resolution (km)Observing Cycle (hours)AccuracyDelay of Availability (hours)Decadal StabilityRemarksMinMaxMinMaxMinMaxUnitsMinMaxAssimilation into global wave forecast modelsSignificant wave heightmGlobal60524110% 0.1m2%% / m243Dominant wave directiondegreesGlobal60524122.55degrees243Peak periodsGlobal60524131s2432D spectral wave energy densitym2 / HzGlobal50050241243Directional accuracy requirements as for wave direction data.Assimilation into regional wave forecast modelsSignificant wave heightmRegional200.1240.510% 0.1m2%% / m243Dominant wave directiondegreesRegional200.1240.522.55degrees243Peak periodsRegional200.1240.531s2432D spectral wave energy densitym2 / HzRegional200 10240.5243Validation of wave forecast modelsSignificant wave heightmGlobal10005024065% 0.05m1%% / m72024 Priority is increased coverage of high quality spectral observationsDominant wave directiondegreesGlobal100050240622.51degrees72024Peak periodsGlobal100050240610.5s720242D spectral wave energy densitym2 / HzGlobal100050240672024Calibration / validation of satellite wave sensorsSignificant wave heightmGlobal1000102415% 0.05m1%% / m72024Collocation with satellite ground tracks advantageous Dominant wave directiondegreesGlobal10001024151degrees72024Peak periodsGlobal10001024110.1s720242D spectral wave energy densitym2 / HzGlobal100010024172024Ocean wave climate and variabilitySignificant wave heightmGlobal10001002465% 0.05m1%% / m720240.01mDominant wave directiondegreesGlobal100010024622.51degrees720241.0 degreesPeak periodsGlobal100010024610.5s720240.05s2D spectral wave energy densitym2 / HzGlobal100010024672024Role of waves in couplingSignificant wave heightmGlobal10001060.55% 0.05m1%% / m72024Additional collocated measurements required. Process studies likely to require dedicated dense sampling in small regions, and sampling to higher frequency than routine monitoring.Dominant wave directiondegreesGlobal10001060.522.51degrees72024Peak periodsGlobal10001060.510.5s720242D spectral wave energy densitym2 / HzGlobal10001060.572024     JCOMM/OCG-II/Doc. 4.7 page  PAGE 2 JCOMM/OCG-II/Doc. 4.7 page  PAGE 3 JCOMM/OCG-II/Doc. 4.7 World Meteorological Organization Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission    Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology JCOMM/OCG-II/Doc. 4.7 Appendix A - page  PAGE 2 JCOMM/OCG-II/Doc. 4.7 Appendix A page  PAGE 3 JCOMM/OCG-II/Doc. 4.7 Appendix A JCOMM/OCG-II/Doc. 4.7 Appendix A - page  PAGE 4 JCOMM/OCG-II/Doc. 4.7 Appendix A page  PAGE 3 @kmnлwhwWC5h5ZCJOJQJ^JaJ&h:5h5Z6CJOJQJ]^JaJ h5Z6CJOJQJ]^JaJh5Z5CJOJQJ^JaJ h yVh5ZCJOJQJ^JaJh5ZCJOJQJ^JaJ h:5h5ZCJOJQJ^JaJ&h:5h5Z5CJOJQJ\^JaJ(h^5CJOJQJ\^JaJmH sH (h5Z5CJOJQJ\^JaJmH sH %h^CJOJQJ\^JaJmH sH hDmH sH klmn     $ n^`a$gd5Z$a$gd5Z$a$FII   & - E K ¶{m{bQV] """3#6#7#ϼzk`hD5CJOJQJhD6CJOJQJ^JaJhDCJOJQJhDOJQJhD5CJOJQJ^JaJhDCJOJQJ^JaJ%hDCJOJQJ\^JaJmH sH %hD5CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH hD\mH sH )hD5B*CJOJQJ\mH phsH #hDB*CJOJQJmH phsH EFFG=>~= > \!]!!$1$a$ $1$^a$ $ & F 1$a$ 67nJ ^`$a$ 8 $^`a$!!5#6#7#B#C#}######%%&&((-).)|)})****$ & F.a$ $a$ %$a$7#C#}#####****,,0&0003333 5566688v8}89#9k9l99j<p<q<Ⱦvvggvgvvvg_hDOJQJhD>*CJOJQJ^JaJhD6CJOJQJ^JaJ hD56CJOJQJ^JaJhD5CJOJQJ^JaJhDCJOJQJ^JaJhD5CJOJQJhDCJOJQJhD\mH sH +hD6CJOJQJ\]^JaJmH sH hD(hD5;CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH %*****--00&0'02 23333556666k9l999 ; ;j<$a$j<k<l<m<n<o<p<q<r<<<<<<<<<<<<<=+=3=4=FfR $$Ifa$$a$$a$ 67nJ ^`q<r<<<3=4=`=a=====">#>$>R>S>T>v>w>>> ?V?W?X???????@@.@/@R@@@@7A8A9AnAoApAAAAAApBqBrBBBBBBBCCŰŰŰŰ͜ŰŰŰŰ͜ŰŰŰŰ͜ŰŰŰŰ͜&hDB*CJH*OJQJ^JaJph)hD5B*CJOJQJ\^JaJphhDCJaJ#hDB*CJOJQJ^JaJphhDCJOJQJ^JaJhD5CJOJQJ^JaJhD=4=5=6=7=8=<=@=D=H=L=P=V=Z=^=_=`=a=============Ffu $$Ifa$=========>>> >>>>>> >">#>$>0>2>9><>>>A>FfFfX $$Ifa$A>C>E>G>I>L>N>P>R>S>T>t>}>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ?"?FfzFf $$Ifa$"?$?-?0?4?7?;?D?G?M?P?R?T?V?W?X?p?x????????????Ff6! $$Ifa$????????????????????@ @@@@@!@ $P$If]Pa$Ff*Ff% $$Ifa$!@"@#@%@(@*@,@.@/@R@j@l@s@x@{@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Ff4FfX/ $$Ifa$@@A AAAAAA#A%A-A1A4A6A7A8A9AEAGANASAVAZA\A^AbAdAhAFf8 $$Ifa$hAkAmAnAoApAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB BBBBBFfJBFf= $$Ifa$BB'B*B0B4B7B9BoBpBqBrBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBFfKFf G $$Ifa$BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBCC$C)C-C0C2C3C4C6C:C=CFfP $$Ifa$C=C?C@CACdCCCCDDDKDLDMDoDpDDDDDDDDEEEFFFFF7F9F:F;FH 7  $ 7 a$$ 7 a$gd^gd^$a$gd^FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFGeGfG{G|GGƼݼΪ{sk_ShDCJaJmH sH jFhDCJUaJhDmH sH j}hDU%hD5CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH %h^5CJOJQJ^JaJmH sH h^\mH sH h^h^\mH sH  hD0JjhD0JUh^mH sH hDh^h^mH sH h5Z0JmHnHu h^0Jjh^0JUh^mH sH GGG H H3H4H:H;HH?H@HFHKHhHiHoHpHqHrHsHtHuHHùÉ|s|h|YQh^mH sH h^hDOJQJmH sH h_&0JmHnHuh^h^0Jjh^h^0JUh^hDmH sH h^h^mH sH h5Z0JmHnHsH uh^h^0JmH sH jh^0JUh^mH sH hDhDCJOJQJaJmH sH hDCJaJmH sH 'j>hDCJOJQJUaJmH sH >H?H@HVHsHtHuHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIII$a$gd_&gd^$ 7 a$gd^$a$$a$gd^HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHIIIIIʽʰʽԥܚtkhD\mH sH h_&hDCJaJmH sH h_&hD0JmH sH jhD0JUh_&h_&mH sH h^h_&mH sH h5Z0JmHnHsH uh^h_&0JmH sH jh_&0JUh_&mH sH hDhDCJOJQJaJmH sH h^CJOJQJaJmH sH 9 0&P 1h:p^. 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