ࡱ> %` ,bjbjNN fv,,#N d d d z  $" .1.1.1P~1L1" X22^3334&4 4$hJd :44:: 33===:$ 3 3=:==ߦ h 32 ^{.1;ǩP(0X< c460=78444=p444X::::" " $F D$ " " F $" " "   Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) Background information to inform the discussion on the possible adoption of OBIS as an IOC Programme Edward Vanden Berghe New Brunswick, USA 9 February 2009 Background information to inform the discussion on the possible adoption of OBIS as an IOC Programme Informed management of the environment has to be supported by data (Richardson & Poloczanska, 2008; Stokstad, 2008). It is the ambition of the OBIS community to provide a sound basis for ocean management decisions, by facilitating publication of marine biodiversity data, and stimulating open and free access for all potential users. Indeed, OBIS is often mentioned as the organisation best suited for this role (e.g. Poloczanska et al., 2008). OBIS is aimed at stimulating research generating new hypotheses concerning evolutionary processes and species distributions. By integrating data from a vast number of sources, OBIS creates opportunities to study effects of global change on marine biodiversity. Making these data freely and openly available, OBIS levels the playing field, and plays an important role in data repatriation to third-world countries - where the highest diversity is found, but where resources to study and manage this natural wealth are often lacking. The Census of Marine Life sponsored by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation is nearing the completion of a decade of research on the distribution and abundance of marine species. Accepted estimates of the number of marine species have been shown to be orders of magnitude too low. One of the Census of Marine Life deep-sea projects was #4 among Time Magazines top ten discoveries. Discover Magazine named the Census of Marine Life one of The six most important experiments in the World in its December 2007 issue. When he was the United Kingdom Chief Scientist Lord May said those countries who best know how to correlate, analyze, and communicate biological information will be in the leading position to achieve economic and scientific advances. A recent UK House of Lords report further supports this assertion. OBIS was created as the data integration component of the Census, and helps to make species-level distribution data from the Census Field Projects and other sources available to the scientific community. There is a discrepancy between OBIS ambition to establish itself as an element of the international scientific infrastructure and its critical dependence on project funding (which is usually only available for a restricted time). Part of the strategy to make OBIS sustainable is to have it adopted by a larger international organisation. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO is a natural choice for such parent organisation. They deal with the oceans, on a global scale; they have a strong interest in data management and capacity building; they are traditionally strong in physical oceanography and are looking to strengthen their expertise in biology and biodiversity. Moreover, there are already strong links between OBIS and IOC. Possible mechanisms for collaboration were discussed in a meeting held in Oostende, December 2008. The consensus during the meeting was that the best place for OBIS in IOC would be as an IOC Programme, next to other Programmes such as the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) Programme, the International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) Programme and Capacity Building. In principle this would mean that a Programme Officer would be funded by IOC. Preliminary discussions are being held to investigate the possibility to have a IOC/OBIS Programme Office hosted at Rutgers University, the host of the present OBIS secretariat. The discussions progress well. Especially the prospect of new science made possible by a data system on the scale of OBIS is an attractive proposition to the authorities of Rutgers University. Also the possibility of hosting a UNESCO-related International Programme Office (IPO), and the prestige this brings with it, is an important argument. Rutgers already hosts several IPOs, and has proven capacity to support such offices. One of the main reasons why it makes sense to keep a possible IOC/OBIS Programme Office at Rutgers University is the expertise that has been built there; locating the Programme Office anywhere except in Rutgers would require rebuilding this team with local staff somewhere else (with the associated time investment), while the expertise in Rutgers University would be lost. Hosting the OBIS Programme Office will bring considerable research expertise to IOC. Climate research at Rutgers takes place in many departments and schools across the university. OBIS brings to the table a piece of the puzzle that enables the study of species distributions response to global change. Joint research projects between Rutgers scientists and OBIS will generate support from sources such as NSF and NOAA, and will be a significant contribution to the expertise available in IOC in this very important domain. We hope that this possible collaboration with Rutgers, and the expertise and information content of OBIS in general, will form a strong basis for collaboration with the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS). Several Rutgers scientists are already involved in GOOS, but their input has been mainly on the physico-chemical side. OBIS can make a strong contribution to GOOS in terms of biodiversity and biogeography. Together with GOOS, OBIS could make a strong contribution to the marine component of GEO-BON. There is already collaboration between OBIS and IOCs Harmful Algal Blooms Programme. OBIS data for relevant species will be made available to the HAB Information System. Discussions are on-going to define the extensions needed to the OBIS Schema to make the information contained in OBIS more useful to management of HABs. An overview of the costs of running OBIS as an IOC Programme is given in Table1, also indicating which part might be the contribution of Rutgers. Combined investments of IOC and Rutgers, as outlined here, would provide OBIS with a sound, sustainable basis for operations. Leadership would come from the Project Officer; day-to-day running from the two FTEs supported by Rutgers. Technology, including web hosting and internet connectivity, would be a contribution in kind from Rutgers. Table 1. Estimated budget (US$ 1,000s/year) ItemCostSourceExecutive Director/Programme Officer150IOCBoard Meeting15IOCExpert Meetings40IOCTravel Office staff70IOCOperational cost and activities100IOCScientific staff110RutgersSupport staff70RutgersOffice space and utilities; administrative and legal support; library300Rutgers - IMCS support in kindEstimated value of Regional OBIS Node network1,100OBIS communityTotal contribution from IOC375Total contribution Rutgers480Total value of OBIS (including RONs)1,955 Notes with the table In kind support is calculated based on the 54% standard overhead rate used by Rutgers (excluding the estimated value of the RON network) The initial hosting agreement would be for a period of five years Value of the Regional OBIS Nodes network is based on the figures provided by the RONs on their contributions in kind and project income The 2-yearly cost of the Board meeting has been divided by two to arrive at the yearly estimate A stable sustainable OBIS core of three staff members will be a platform that will attract more resources through specific, directed activities. Funds for these activities will be solicited in the USA from NSF, foundations, and other potential donor agencies; the OBIS Secretariat, under the leadership of Prof. Grassle, has an excellent track record with NSF, and will continue to actively pursue projects to support specific activities. Internationally, opportunities to submit proposals in response to EU calls for proposals will be submitted. At the same time, governments will be invited to contribute to the core activities of OBIS, to lighten the burden for IOC of accepting OBIS as one of its programmes. Table 1 does not take into account the support we presently still enjoy from the Sloan Foundation, and which covers a substantial part of OBIS expenditure till end of 2010. The available Sloan funds will cover the salary of the Executive Director, and partial support for an IT developer and Data Manager (estimated to run out end of 2009). There is also support for operations and meetings, covering approximately half of OBIS requirements. Table 2 shows how the needs for IOC funding would grow as the Sloan funding would run out. Table 2. Phasing of IOC support (US$1,000s) Item200920102011Executive Director/Programme Officer00150Board Meeting0030Expert Meetings[40]4040Travel Office staff01070Operational cost and activities050100Total contribution from IOC[40]100390 Notes with the table If an expert meeting has to be organised in 2009, funds will have to be found from other sources to facilitate this.   Richardson, A.J. & E. Poloczanska, 2008. Science 320: 1294.  Stokstad, E. 2008. Science 320: 1706-1707.  Poloczanska, E., A.J. Hobday & A.J. Richardson. 2008. Nature 453: 720.     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