ࡱ> sur#` 02*bjbj\.\. @>D>D!o       $^    PZ$~,"0(Y0[0[0[0[0[0[0$3h6@0 yyy0  0 y  Y0 yY0 !.|  -/ R ./|000.~P7P7$-/P7 -/L*6 `,00q X0yyyy""""""< P ^        Restricted distribution IOC-WMO-UNEP-ICSU/GSSC-X/5.6.1 Agenda Item: 5.6 Paris, February 2007 English only INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION (of UNESCO)WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATIONUNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMMEINTERNATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE Tenth Session of the Global Ocean Observing System Scientific Steering Committee (GSSC-X) Seoul, Korea, 13 16 March 2007 ENHANCING EFFICIENCY OF THE RESEARCH FLEET FOR UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS (submitted by Detlef Stammer, GSSC) The Senate Commission for Oceanography of the German Science Foundation aims at optimizing the operations of German research vessels for carrying out routine under-way measurements of important upper-ocean parameters during long ocean-transects of research vessels. An issue in this context is to obtain diplomatic permissions to obtain standard measurements within national economic zones, especially for acoustically measured parameters. The same will be relevant for the international research fleet, and having an internationally agreed on standard set of ocean parameters that can routinely be measured from research vessels would greatly enhance the efficiency of the research fleet in collecting important upper ocean parameters. Help is sought here to have IOC engaged in an international discussion on a standard set of variables that can be agreed on to be measured from any research vessel regardless which nationality and where it operates, without getting individual permits. Because research vessels represent a very well equipped and therefore extremely valuable platform for continuous observations of the near surface ocean, they should be continuously used to obtain high-quality measurements of important near-surface parameters, irrespective of the scientific discipline or research group on board the vessel, and irrespective of the political interest region the ship is operating in. This does especially apply for long transects during which measurements on research vessels can significantly and uniquely contribute to the observation of the global ocean. Typically, under way parameters are sea surface temperatures (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS), current measurements using ADCPs and meteorological parameters. However, these mainly physical measurements are traditionally not associated with specific research projects and, therefore, are not routinely processes or archived, let alone taken by the international research fleet. As a result, the important and expensive observing component "research vessel" is not adequately used as part of a global observing system. It is now obvious that measurements not carried out in the past are seriously lacking, e.g., to evaluate new satellite data (gravity, salinity) or to determine the near-surface circulation field. A re-organization of the observing component "research vessel" is therefore internationally required. Quality control, archiving and making the data available to the international research community is of high importance as well. Two previously published documents address this issue: these are John Gould and Shawn Smith in EOS "Research vessels: Underutilized Assets for Climate Observations" (EOS, Volt 87, No.22, 2006) and the in CLIVAR EXCHANGES printed note of Kent et al. "Voluntary Observing Ships: A Vital Marine Observing System in Decline" (CLIVAR Exchanges, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2006). Basically, routine and continuous measurements of the following parameters should be carried out from vessels: 1. Sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity(SSS): Routine measurements by research vessels concerning temperature (T) and salt contents (S), are carried out at the cooling water intake of the research vessels engine. However, only the temperature data are traditionally archived as salt measurements are normally incorrect (caused by contamination of the conductivity cell). Additional services are needed to guarantee an adequate accuracy of both parameters which to date is not part of the routine activities on board each research vessel. However, this relative little extra effort would lead to cost-efficient high-quality near surface observations as was demonstrated with the POLARSTERN. This is of great importance for the calibration of ARGO sensors or for calibration and validation of expensive satellite measurements. 2. Current measurements with ADCP: Nowadays, almost all large research vessels of the international research fleet are equipped with ADCP instruments and in principle are in a position to obtain and process important measurements of upper ocean reference velocities (up to approx. 350 m depth). Essentially, ADCP equipment should constantly be run on all research vessels, at least activated outside the 200-mile-zone as long as or if the handling of diplomatic applications should prove difficult (see also below). 3. Meteorological parameters: Research vessels are one of the few platforms on which meteorological parameters can be measured at high accuracy required to estimate surface fluxes of heat, momentum or fresh water. Such measurements are essential to update the results of numerical weather centres (e.g., ECMWF), i.e., to improve algorithms needed to improve surface flux estimates based on satellite data. The utilization of the research fleet to maintain meteorological parameters is of the same importance as for near surface ocean parameters and should take place always, everywhere and uninterruptedly. 4. Bathymetric measurements: A detailed knowledge of the topography of the sea bottom is important for various applications in ocean research. Measurements on board of research vessels, however, are limited to acoustic procedures, except for satellite altimetry. In particular, the ship-borne measurements in coastal regions are expensive (due to reduced spatial coverage) and thus necessitate the efficient utilization of research vessels for mapping the sea floor. To obtain better bathymetric measurements, echo soundings or scanning SONARs should be running continuously on each research vessel and data should be collected in an international bathymetric data center. In addition to the existing set of parameters it would be useful for various applications to carry out additional measurements of other parameters and it is recommended to include the following variables as new "under way" Rainfall measurements. Radiation (spectral resolution, total and UV, PAR). O2 of sea water. Acidity/pH of sea water. In principle, any research vessel can also carry a gravimeter, which can obtain data for the calibration of GRACE and GOCE measurements. Moreover, in the future there will be an increasing demand also for additional biogeochemical under way parameters. For those parameters, the ferry-box system will provide a useful platform to serve as the standard measurement box for "under way" measurements for the next generation of research vessels. To assure a continuous utilization of "under way" measurements is would help to have maps of the existing ships' routes along which relevant measurements were carried out. "Under way" data should be made available to an international database after evaluation. Principally, "under way" data should always and at any time be made available. If they are part of a process study, they should be made available after one year. A significant obstacle for obtaining routine under way measurements to date is to obtain diplomatic permissions to make the above listed set of measurements in national economic zones of countries, especially for acoustically based approaches, such as ADCPs or scanning sonar measurements of the sea floor. To help to optimize the usage of research vessels as measurement platforms, support is sought here from the IOC to organize the permission process for a pre-defined set of standard parameters that can be obtained from any research vessel regardless of nationality and location. In particular the parameter set: T, S, ADCP and bathymetry should be classified as a STD set of measurements, comparable with meteorological measurements. Similar to meteorological data, theses data should be classify as internationally recognized routine research data by the IOC in order to simplify the procedures to obtain permits. In this context, "under way" data are to be listed in the new "Green Book for EU Marine Policy" of the European Commission as standard set of scientific measurements to provide a consistent and clear regulation at least in the European waters. 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L        &%>wr8R"%Q*H+3-\.?*0O5Is7_EGI SKC]o]_ dp,]## yq-v*KP`zVl !!!!!!."/"3"@666662"@@Unknown Gz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z ArialY CG TimesTimes New Roman;|i0BatangO1 CourierCourier NewC1Courier 10cpi;SimSun[SO5& zaTahoma?5 z Courier New;Wingdings#1h |: = =#4d!!2qHP ?GI2GSSC-Xn5.6 Support for research activities - Enhancing the Efficiency of the Research Fleet for Underway MeasurementsDetlef Stammer Boram Lee$      Oh+'0I0HT`t     GSSC-Xp5.6 Support for research activities - Enhancing the Efficiency of the Research Fleet for Underway MeasurementsDetlef Stammer Normal.dot Boram Lee8Microsoft Office Word@vA@h[8@N8Q@R GG Rt w#  g."Systemg&9 -@Times New Roman- .2 SaiRestricted distribution7% %%** **** 2 Sxai 2 S aiIOCs<7 2 S ai-2 S aiWMOsOJ= 2 Sai-2 SaiUNEP<<3/ 2 Sai-2 S aiICSU/GSSC7.<<./7 2 STai-2 SpaiX/<2 Sai5.6.1l*** 2 Skai $ia'2  aiAgenda Item: <)&)*%&?2 mai5.6.** 2 ai H 2  aiParis, d/% 2  aiFebruary 2007.%*)%(**** 2 ai %ia' 2 ai 2  aiEnglish only3))!)*)) 2 ai &ia'@Times New Roman- 2 zai )@Times New Roman-&2 jiINTERGOVERNMENTAL $B==BGHB=BBW=B>B= 2 O[jiOCEANOGRAPHIC HB=BBHGBB8H$B2  jiCOMMISSIONBHWV$33#HB 2 4ji 1-2  ji(of UNESCO).BB83=B 2 ji --2 d iWORLD \HB=B"2 Od iMETEOROLOGICAL W===HBH<HG$BB=2   d iORGANIZATIONHBGBB$<B=$HB 2  d i /"2   BiUNITED NATIONS BB$==BBB=$HB32 O  BiENVIRONMENT =BB$BHBW=B=2 -  BiPROGRAMMEN9BHGBBVW= 2   Bi - 2 <_iINTERNATIONAL $B==BBB=$HBB=2 O <_iCOUNCILdBHBBB$=2 O<_i FOR I8HB2 <_iSCIENCEd3B$=BB= 2 <_i /- 2 ai )@Times New Roman-X2 B3aiTenth Session of the Global Ocean Observing System C,8!88,''281"!8,M282N,,28N8',,28282'!-R 2 8ai 7-@2 nP#aiScientific Steering Committee (GSSC8,,8!",8!,,,82H2SR"!,,"M88H 2 n ai-!2 n aiX)H!@Times New Roman- 2 n ai . 2 aiSeoul, Korea, 8,22H2!,,2 8 ai13 E22 2  ai2 2  ai 16 March 200722Z,!,22222 2 c ai .- 2 K ai ) 2  ai )- 2 aiE=2 & aiNHANCING BHBBB$BG%2 :aiEFFICIENCY OF THE =98$B$<BBCG9<H=I2 )ai RESEARCH FLEET FOR UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTSB=3=BBBH9====8HBBBB=B\BCW=B3BB=W=A=3 2 wai  2 ai 2- 2 ai(submitted by $..F)..- 2 aiDetlef StammerB))2)FF)2 C ai, GSSC)dB33= 2 u ai )- 2 ai - 2 k ai -2 _aiThe Senate Commission for Oceanography of the German Science Foundation aims at optimizing the =2,38,2,,3C2NN''123!2!3H,,,231",24/33"32,3H,!N,238,,2,,382222,223,N'3,321N-2132+q2 Q Daioperations of German research vessels for carrying out routine under22,!,22'2!H-!N,2!,(,,!,23,'','!2!,,"#/3122!222,222-! 2 Q ai-!%2 Q  aiway measurements H.0N,,'2!,N,2'&2 Q /aiof important upper2!N22!-2222,! 2 Q #ai-#>2 "aiocean parameters during long ocean2,,,2/3,",N,,!'/23!31/231/3,-,2 2 ai-!72 9aitransects of research vessels!,2(,,'02!/!,(,,",2/2,'(,'2 ai. /D2 ) &aiAn issue in this context is to obtain H3/''2,/2/2'/,22,3/'/2/22,22 7 Uaidiplomatic permissions to obtain standard measurements within national economic zones222N,,/2,!N''22'.2/22,2/',22,!2/N,,(2!,N,2'/H22/2,22,/,,222N,/-22,'2 7 ai, /"2 7 aiespecially for ,'2,,,0/!3":2 aiacoustically measured parameter,,22',,0N-,'2!,32-!,N,,! 2 Eais'2 lai. h2 >aiThe same will be relevant for the international research fleet=2-',N-H 2,",,2,2 !2"2,2,!3,22,!,(,,",2 !,,2 Lai,  2  aiand having ,322,2322  kaian internationally agreed on standard set of ocean parameters that can routinely be measured from research ,2!2,!2,22,0!-2!-,3!22!',22,!2!',!2!!2,,-2!2,!,N,,!'!2,!-,2!!322,/!3,!N,,'2",2!!!3N!!,',,",2v2 Gaivessels would greatly enhance the efficiency of the research fleet in c2,'','2H22221",,03-22,2,,22,2-!!,,3./23!22,2!,',-!,22!-,222,;2  aiollecting important upper ocean 2,,212N22!,22232,!22,-,22   aiparameters2,!,N,-!'2  ai. (2  \aiHelp is sought here to have IOC engaged in an international discussion on a standard set of I,2('('2312(3,!-(2(2,3,* HC(-21-2,2(2),2(2-!2,23,(2',2''22(22),(',23,!2(',(2"2 v iaivariables that can be agreed on to be measured from any research vessel regardless which nationality and h2,!,2,'%2,%-,2%2,%-1",,2%22%2%2,%N,,'2",2%"!2N%,30&!,'-,!,2%3,'',%!-1,!2,''%H2,2%2,23,0%,23"2 aiwhere it operatH2,!,22-!,2 raies,'2 ai, >2 "aiwithout getting individual permitsH2231,3122222,2,!N' 2 L ai. 2 e ai - 2 \ai -2 faiBecause research vessels represent a very well equipped and therefore extremely valuable platform for B,-,2',0!,'-,!,3/2,'','/!,2!,(,2/,/3,#0/I,/,2222,2/,22/3,!-!2!-/,3!,N,0/3,2,2,/2-!2!N/!3"U2 B1aicontinuous observations of the near surface oceanm,222222'"22',!2,22'"2!"2,"2,-!"'2!",,,"3,,-22 B ai, "R2 BU /aithey should be continuously used to obtain high2-0"'2222"2,#,222222'0"2',2"2"22,2"212 2 B ai-!2 B.aiquality 23,12 aimeasurN,,'2!/2 ;aiements of important near,N,2'3!N22!-22,," 2 *ai-!&2 Kaisurface parameters'2!!-,-2,",N,-!'2 = ai, e2 p <aiirrespective of the scientific discipline or research group !!,'3,,2,3!2,(,,2!,2',22,2"!,(,-!,21!223(2 (aion board the vessel22.22,!2.2,.3,'',2 ([ai, .z2 (Jaiand irrespective of the political interest region the ship is operating in,32.!!,'2-,2,.2!.2-.23,,.2,!,'.!-122.3,.'22.'.22,!,31.22 (gai. /2 ( aiThis does =2'.22,'M2 ,aiespecially apply for long transects during w,'2,,,0+,220+!2"*231*!,2'-,'*22!31*He2 X<aihich measurements on research vessels can significantly and 2-2*N,,'2",N,2'*22+!,'-,!,3*2,'','+,,2*'12!-,20+,23b2 :aiuniquely contribute to the observation of the global ocean2222,0,22!22,22,22',!2,222!3,122,2,,,22 ( ai. 2 \ aiTypically ?02,,02  ai, F2  'aiunder way parameters are sea surface ,223,!H.0-2-!,N,-!',",(,,'2!",--2  aitemperatures ,N2,!,2",'0 2 Oai(!2 paiSSTs88= 2 ai)!2 >ai, 0+2 aisea surface salinity ',,0'2!!,,,0',200 2 ai(!2 aiSSSs888 2 ai)!2 ai, 0D2  &aicurrent measurements using ADCPs and m,2!!,20N,,'2",N,2'02'210HHC8'0,220N 2 <aieteorological ,,2!221-,2  aiparameters2,!,N,-!'2 ai. /2 aiHowever H2H,3,!2 ai, /2 Raithese mainly physical measurements are traditionally not associated with specific 2,',/N,20/240',,/N,,'2!,O,2'/,!,/!,222,0/22/,''2,,,2/H2/'2,,!-+2 gairesearch projects and!,',-!,2 3!2,,' ,222 gtai,  2 g aitherefores2,!,!3!,2 gai, !F2 gP'aiare not routinely processes or archived,!- 22 !222,1 2!2,,'',( 2! -!,22,22 g~ ai,  C2 g %ailet alone taken by the international e, ,22, ,3,2 40 2, 2,!2,22, 2 airesearch fleet!,',-!,2!,,2 2ai.  2 dai . 2 Mai -2  aiAs a resuH'$,$",'22 ailt2 ai, $S2 0aithe important and expensive observing component 2,$N22!-2$,22$,32,2'2,$22'-!321$-2N222,2% 2 [ ai"("2  airesearch vessel!,(,,",3$2,'',2  ai" ($22 6aiis not adequately used as '$22$,3,22,,0%2(,2$,(=2 3!aipart of a global observing systemn2,!-2!-,.122,-22'-!221-)0',N2 3ai. .q2 3DaiIt is now obvious that measurements not carried out in the past are -'-22H-32222'-2,-N,,'2!,N,3'-22-,,!!,2-22-2-2,-2,'-,"-%2 aiseriously lacking',!22'0.-,2212 ai, / 2 aie, 2 Kai. 2 eaig1 2 ai.2 ai, .:2 aito evaluate new satellite data 2.,2,2,,.2-H.',,-.2,,. 2  ai("2  aigravity 1!,202 8 ai, .2  aisalinity',202  ai) "//2  aior to determine the near2!.2.2,,!N2,.2,.2--! 2 ai-!2 &aisurface '2!",,,%2 aicirculation fieldh,!,2,22!,22 ai. 2 aiA reI!- 2 ai-!G2 (aiorganization of the observing component 2"1,2-,222!2,22(,!221,2N222,2 2 H ai"("2 p airesearch vessel!,(,,",22,'',2  ai" (72 aiis therefore internationally a'2-!,!3!,2-"2,22,02 airequired!,22!,22 gai. "2 aiQuality controlH2,0,22!22 ai, n2 6Baiarchiving and making the data available to the international resea,!,2231,22N,2313,2,-,2,,2-22,2,!2,22,",'-,%2 airch community is !,3,2ON220'22 aiof high importance as well2!"212"N22!,2,,",'"I,2 hai. "[2 5aiTwo previously published documents address this issue=H2"2!,222'/"222'2,2"22,2N,2'",22!,''"2'!''2,2 ai: u"!+2 aithese are John Gould 2,',",!,"(122"H222.2 raiand Shawn Smith in EOS ,2282,H28N22=H8 2 rBai"(#2 rjaiResearch vesselsC,',,",22,'','2 rai: O2 rG-aiUnderutilized Assets for Climate ObservationsnH32,!2-,2H'','!2!CN,,H2',!3,22'2 rai" (u(!2 r aiEOSu=I82 rai, 2 raiVolt rH22 rai87222 r.ai, 2 aiNoH2 2 ai.2 ai22222 ai, 2 Iai200622222 ai) !%2 Paiand the in CLIVAR,222,2D< IHCC2 w%ai EXCHANGES printed note of Kent et al=HCHHHH=92!2,222,2!H,2,,2  ai. 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GSSC-XJ ENHANCING EFFICIENCY OF THE RESEARCH FLEET FOR UNDERWAY MEASUREMENTS  ( (submitted by Detlef Stammer, GSSC) Title Headings  "#$%&'(*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghiklmnopqtRoot Entry FޠRvData !1Table)t7WordDocument@SummaryInformation(ELIDocumentSummaryInformation8jCompObjq  FMicrosoft Office Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q