ࡱ> =?<'` "bjbjLULU 8(.?.? ,,,,,,,@( ( ( 8` t @?: $yh, ,,  j, ,    ,, Sw( ^ 0? \  , |  f  ? @@@$@@@@@@,,,,,, PART III-2 Data that can be collected DURING the field survey (and associated equipment and methods) PART III- 5 Geophysical monitoring and measurement (including seismological, geodetic, etc) It should be first noted that seismological or other geophysical measurements made after the earthquake (mainshock) or associated tsunami can provide information related to post-seismic (post-tsunami) effects, not the direct information on the causative earthquake. If instrumental (such as seismological or geodetic) measurements were started before the earthquake that caused tsunami, collection of such information or data from local authorities would help to study the earthquake. In many countries, permanent seismic network or continuous GPS measurements are set up to monitor seismic or geodetic activities. If campaign-type geodetic (GPS) measurements were made before the earthquake, reoccupation of the measurement sites can provide coseismic movements. Contacting local or foreign group(s) who made pre-seismic measurements would be needed. For large or great earthquakes that occurred in an area with sparse or no seismic network, seismological observation to monitor and locate aftershocks will help to understand the mainshock. Precise aftershock distribution can be used to estimate the static parameters of causative fault, such as location, size, depth and dip angle, hence contributes to reliable initial condition of tsunami numerical simulation. In order to accurately locate earthquakes, at least four but ideally more seismic stations must be set up to record aftershocks for weeks to months. Factors to consider for such measurements include site selection (high sensitivity instruments must be set up at hard rock sites), station distribution (to cover the aftershock area), data storage and power supply, protection of instruments from vandalism, and custom clearance of imported instruments. Coordination and collaboration with local and international seismologists are essential for such geophysical measurements. Seismic intensity distribution can be estimated by interviews to people who felt the earthquake. Seismic intensity values differ from place to place, depending on the earthquake magnitude, epicentral distance and also ground condition. The seismic intensity distribution provides macroseismic data and can help estimate the earthquake size. It is also important to distinguish ordinary tsunamigenic earthquake and unusual tsunami earthquake. While several different intensity scales are used in the world, the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale is most commonly used. The simplified definitions are given below. USGS conducts Did You Feel It project, which collects seismic intensity report through website. The questions are very short and easy to answer. While it is intended to collect data directly through internet, similar questions can be asked to local people who felt the earthquake to collect intensity data. While the definitions of intensity scales for the Community Internet Intensity Maps (CIIM) are slightly different from MMI scale, the CIIM scale is designed to agree with the MMI scale on the average. The following is an abbreviated description of the 12 levels of Modified Mercalli Intensity. (from USGS website) I. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions. II. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings. III. Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings. Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations similar to the passing of a truck. Duration estimated. IV. Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars rocked noticeably. V. Felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop. VI. Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight. VII. Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken. VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned. IX. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. X. Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundations. Rails bent. XI. Few, if any (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly. XII. Damage total. Lines of sight and level are distorted. 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